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+===================================
+2 Gap analysis in upstream projects
+===================================
+
+This section presents the findings of gaps on existing VIM platforms.
+The focus was to identify gaps based on the features and requirements specified in Section 3.3.
+The analysis work performed resulted in the identification of gaps of which are herein presented.
+
+2.1 Monasca
+===========
+
+Monasca is an open-source monitoring-as-a-service (MONaaS) solution that integrates with OpenStack.
+Even though it is still in its early days, it is the interest of the community that the platform be multi-tenant,
+highly scalable, performant and fault-tolerant. Companion with a streaming alarm engine and a notification engine,
+is a northbound REST API users can use to interact with Monasca. Hundreds of thousands of metrics per second can be processed [8].
+
+2.1.1 Memory usage in HyperV
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+* Type: 'missing'
+* Description:
+
+  + To-be
+
+    - Monasca should collect memory usage in HyperV.
+
+  + As-is:
+
+    - Monasca does not support querying memory usage of HyperV.
+
+  + Gap
+
+    - Monasca does not support querying memory usage of HyperV.
+
+2.1.2 Memory usage in Libvirt
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+* Type: 'missing'
+* Description:
+
+  + To-be
+
+    - Monasca should collect memory usage in Libvirt.
+
+  + As-is:
+
+    - Monasca does not support querying memory usage of Libvirt.
+
+  + Gap
+
+    - Monasca does not support querying memory usage of Libvirt.
+
+2.2 Heat
+==========
+
+Heat is an orchestration project of openstack. It can be used for deploy application.
+Its cfn-hup tool can monitor metadata in VM and notify to heat. But this function is poor now,
+we can extend cfn-hup to collect more information inside VM and make failure prediction.
+
+2.2.1 Cfn-hup
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+* Type: 'monitoring issue'
+* Description:
+
+  + To-be
+
+    - Cfn-hup is able to collect more metrics than metadata inside VM. These metrics can be used for failure prediction.
+
+  + As-is:
+
+    - Cfn-hup just can monitor metadata inside VM.
+
+  + Gap
+
+    - Cfn-hup should monitor more information inside VM.
+
+2.3 VM Introspection
+=====================
+
+Virtual machine introspection (VMI) is a mechanism that allows indirect inspection and manipulation of the state of virtual machines.
+It resulted in a variety of VMI-based applications dealing with security, performance, and debugging in virtual machine environments.
+Of course, it can be used to collect detail metrics in VM and used for failure prediction.
+
+LibVMI is an open source implementation of VMI supporting commodity hypervisors such as Xen and KVM.
+LibVMI provides the functionality of mapping raw memory pages of VMs inside the privileged VM and relies on
+monitoring software to interpret the contents of these mapped pages. For more information, please visit website: http://libvmi.com/
+
+2.3.1 VM Introspection
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+* Type: 'monitoring issue'
+* Description:
+
+  + To-be
+
+    - VMI can be used to collect detail information inside VM for failure prediction.
+
+  + As-is:
+
+    - VMI can collect some information for security analysis.
+
+  + Gap
+
+    - Openstack is lack of a module used to collect detail information of VM based on VMI technology.