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+.. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
+.. License.
+.. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
+.. (c) OPNFV, 2016-2017 Intel Corporation.
+
+===================================
+Network Services Benchmarking (NSB)
+===================================
+
+Abstract
+========
+
+.. _Yardstick: https://wiki.opnfv.org/yardstick
+
+This chapter provides an overview of the NSB, a contribution to OPNFV
+Yardstick_ from Intel.
+
+Overview
+========
+
+The goal of NSB is to Extend Yardstick to perform real world VNFs and NFVi
+Characterization and benchmarking with repeatable and deterministic methods.
+
+The Network Service Benchmarking (NSB) extends the yardstick framework to do
+VNF characterization and benchmarking in three different execution
+environments - bare metal i.e. native Linux environment, standalone virtual
+environment and managed virtualized environment (e.g. Open stack etc.).
+It also brings in the capability to interact with external traffic generators
+both hardware & software based for triggering and validating the traffic
+according to user defined profiles.
+
+NSB extension includes:
+
+    - Generic data models of Network Services, based on ETSI spec `ETSI GS NFV-TST 001 <http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/NFV-TST/001_099/001/01.01.01_60/gs_nfv-tst001v010101p.pdf>`_
+
+    - New Standalone context for VNF testing like SRIOV, OVS, OVS-DPDK etc
+
+    - Generic VNF configuration models and metrics implemented with Python
+      classes
+
+    - Traffic generator features and traffic profiles
+
+        - L1-L3 state-less traffic profiles
+
+        - L4-L7 state-full  traffic  profiles
+
+        - Tunneling protocol / network overlay support
+
+    - Test case samples
+
+        - Ping
+
+        - Trex
+
+        - vPE,vCGNAT, vFirewall etc - ipv4 throughput, latency etc
+
+    - Traffic generators like Trex, ab/nginx, ixia, iperf etc
+
+    - KPIs for a given use case:
+
+        - System agent support for collecting NFVi KPI. This includes:
+
+            - CPU statistic
+
+            - Memory BW
+
+            - OVS-DPDK Stats
+
+        - Network KPIs,  e.g., inpackets, outpackets, thoughput, latency etc
+
+        - VNF KPIs, e.g., packet_in, packet_drop, packet_fwd etc
+
+Architecture
+============
+
+The Network Service (NS) defines a set of Virtual Network Functions (VNF)
+connected together using NFV infrastructure.
+
+The Yardstick NSB extension can support multiple VNFs created by different
+vendors including traffic generators. Every VNF being tested has its
+own data model. The Network service defines a VNF modelling on base of
+performed network functionality. The part of the data model is a set of the
+configuration parameters, number of connection points used and flavor including
+core and memory amount.
+
+The ETSI defines a Network Service as a set of configurable VNFs working in
+some NFV Infrastructure connecting each other using Virtual Links available
+through Connection Points. The ETSI MANO specification defines a set of
+management entities called Network Service Descriptors (NSD) and
+VNF Descriptors (VNFD) that define real Network Service. The picture below
+makes an example how the real Network Operator use-case can map into ETSI
+Network service definition
+
+Network Service framework performs the necessary test steps. It may involve
+
+    - Interacting with traffic generator and providing the inputs on traffic
+      type / packet structure to generate the required traffic as per the
+      test case. Traffic profiles will be used for this.
+
+    - Executing the commands required for the test procedure and analyses the
+      command output for confirming whether the command got executed correctly
+      or not. E.g. As per the test case, run the traffic for the given
+      time period / wait for the necessary time delay
+
+    - Verify the test result.
+
+    - Validate the traffic flow from SUT
+
+    - Fetch the table / data from SUT and verify the value as per the test case
+
+    - Upload the logs from SUT onto the Test Harness server
+
+    - Read the KPI's provided by particular VNF
+
+Components of Network Service
+-----------------------------
+
+  * *Models for Network Service benchmarking*: The Network Service benchmarking
+    requires the proper modelling approach. The NSB provides models using Python
+    files and defining of NSDs and VNFDs.
+
+  The benchmark control application being a part of OPNFV yardstick can call
+  that python models to instantiate and configure the VNFs. Depending on
+  infrastructure type (bare-metal or fully virtualized) that calls could be
+  made directly or using MANO system.
+
+  * *Traffic generators in NSB*: Any benchmark application requires a set of
+    traffic generator and traffic profiles defining the method in which traffic
+    is generated.
+
+  The Network Service benchmarking model extends the Network Service
+  definition with a set of Traffic Generators (TG) that are treated
+  same way as other VNFs being a part of benchmarked network service.
+  Same as other VNFs the traffic generator are instantiated and terminated.
+
+  Every traffic generator has own configuration defined as a traffic profile
+  and a set of KPIs supported. The python models for TG is extended by
+  specific calls to listen and generate traffic.
+
+  * *The stateless TREX traffic generator*: The main traffic generator used as
+    Network Service stimulus is open source TREX tool.
+
+  The TREX tool can generate any kind of stateless traffic.
+
+  .. code-block:: console
+
+          +--------+      +-------+      +--------+
+          |        |      |       |      |        |
+          |  Trex  | ---> |  VNF  | ---> |  Trex  |
+          |        |      |       |      |        |
+          +--------+      +-------+      +--------+
+
+  Supported testcases scenarios:
+
+      - Correlated UDP traffic using TREX traffic generator and replay VNF.
+
+          - using different IMIX configuration like pure voice, pure video traffic etc
+
+          - using different number IP flows like 1 flow, 1K, 16K, 64K, 256K, 1M flows
+
+          - Using different number of rules configured like 1 rule, 1K, 10K rules
+
+  For UDP correlated traffic following Key Performance Indicators are collected
+  for every combination of test case parameters:
+
+      - RFC2544 throughput for various loss rate defined (1% is a default)
+
+Graphical Overview
+==================
+
+NSB Testing with yardstick framework  facilitate performance testing of various
+VNFs provided.
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+  +-----------+
+  |           |                                                     +-----------+
+  |   vPE     |                                                   ->|TGen Port 0|
+  | TestCase  |                                                   | +-----------+
+  |           |                                                   |
+  +-----------+     +------------------+            +-------+     |
+                    |                  | -- API --> |  VNF  | <--->
+  +-----------+     |     Yardstick    |            +-------+     |
+  | Test Case | --> |    NSB Testing   |                          |
+  +-----------+     |                  |                          |
+        |           |                  |                          |
+        |           +------------------+                          |
+  +-----------+                                                   | +-----------+
+  |   Traffic |                                                   ->|TGen Port 1|
+  |  patterns |                                                     +-----------+
+  +-----------+
+
+              Figure 1: Network Service - 2 server configuration
+
+VNFs supported for chracterization:
+-----------------------------------
+
+1. CGNAPT - Carrier Grade Network Address and port Translation
+2. vFW - Virtual Firewall
+3. vACL - Access Control List
+4. Prox - Packet pROcessing eXecution engine:
+    - VNF can act as Drop, Basic Forwarding (no touch),
+      L2 Forwarding (change MAC), GRE encap/decap, Load balance based on
+      packet fields, Symmetric load balancing
+    - QinQ encap/decap IPv4/IPv6, ARP, QoS, Routing, Unmpls, Policing, ACL
+5. UDP_Replay