diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'kernel/drivers/xen/xen-selfballoon.c')
| -rw-r--r-- | kernel/drivers/xen/xen-selfballoon.c | 579 |
1 files changed, 579 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/kernel/drivers/xen/xen-selfballoon.c b/kernel/drivers/xen/xen-selfballoon.c new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b2bffde5 --- /dev/null +++ b/kernel/drivers/xen/xen-selfballoon.c @@ -0,0 +1,579 @@ +/****************************************************************************** + * Xen selfballoon driver (and optional frontswap self-shrinking driver) + * + * Copyright (c) 2009-2011, Dan Magenheimer, Oracle Corp. + * + * This code complements the cleancache and frontswap patchsets to optimize + * support for Xen Transcendent Memory ("tmem"). The policy it implements + * is rudimentary and will likely improve over time, but it does work well + * enough today. + * + * Two functionalities are implemented here which both use "control theory" + * (feedback) to optimize memory utilization. In a virtualized environment + * such as Xen, RAM is often a scarce resource and we would like to ensure + * that each of a possibly large number of virtual machines is using RAM + * efficiently, i.e. using as little as possible when under light load + * and obtaining as much as possible when memory demands are high. + * Since RAM needs vary highly dynamically and sometimes dramatically, + * "hysteresis" is used, that is, memory target is determined not just + * on current data but also on past data stored in the system. + * + * "Selfballooning" creates memory pressure by managing the Xen balloon + * driver to decrease and increase available kernel memory, driven + * largely by the target value of "Committed_AS" (see /proc/meminfo). + * Since Committed_AS does not account for clean mapped pages (i.e. pages + * in RAM that are identical to pages on disk), selfballooning has the + * affect of pushing less frequently used clean pagecache pages out of + * kernel RAM and, presumably using cleancache, into Xen tmem where + * Xen can more efficiently optimize RAM utilization for such pages. + * + * When kernel memory demand unexpectedly increases faster than Xen, via + * the selfballoon driver, is able to (or chooses to) provide usable RAM, + * the kernel may invoke swapping. In most cases, frontswap is able + * to absorb this swapping into Xen tmem. However, due to the fact + * that the kernel swap subsystem assumes swapping occurs to a disk, + * swapped pages may sit on the disk for a very long time; even if + * the kernel knows the page will never be used again. This is because + * the disk space costs very little and can be overwritten when + * necessary. When such stale pages are in frontswap, however, they + * are taking up valuable real estate. "Frontswap selfshrinking" works + * to resolve this: When frontswap activity is otherwise stable + * and the guest kernel is not under memory pressure, the "frontswap + * selfshrinking" accounts for this by providing pressure to remove some + * pages from frontswap and return them to kernel memory. + * + * For both "selfballooning" and "frontswap-selfshrinking", a worker + * thread is used and sysfs tunables are provided to adjust the frequency + * and rate of adjustments to achieve the goal, as well as to disable one + * or both functions independently. + * + * While some argue that this functionality can and should be implemented + * in userspace, it has been observed that bad things happen (e.g. OOMs). + * + * System configuration note: Selfballooning should not be enabled on + * systems without a sufficiently large swap device configured; for best + * results, it is recommended that total swap be increased by the size + * of the guest memory. Note, that selfballooning should be disabled by default + * if frontswap is not configured. Similarly selfballooning should be enabled + * by default if frontswap is configured and can be disabled with the + * "tmem.selfballooning=0" kernel boot option. Finally, when frontswap is + * configured, frontswap-selfshrinking can be disabled with the + * "tmem.selfshrink=0" kernel boot option. + * + * Selfballooning is disallowed in domain0 and force-disabled. + * + */ + +#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt + +#include <linux/kernel.h> +#include <linux/bootmem.h> +#include <linux/swap.h> +#include <linux/mm.h> +#include <linux/mman.h> +#include <linux/module.h> +#include <linux/workqueue.h> +#include <linux/device.h> +#include <xen/balloon.h> +#include <xen/tmem.h> +#include <xen/xen.h> + +/* Enable/disable with sysfs. */ +static int xen_selfballooning_enabled __read_mostly; + +/* + * Controls rate at which memory target (this iteration) approaches + * ultimate goal when memory need is increasing (up-hysteresis) or + * decreasing (down-hysteresis). Higher values of hysteresis cause + * slower increases/decreases. The default values for the various + * parameters were deemed reasonable by experimentation, may be + * workload-dependent, and can all be adjusted via sysfs. + */ +static unsigned int selfballoon_downhysteresis __read_mostly = 8; +static unsigned int selfballoon_uphysteresis __read_mostly = 1; + +/* In HZ, controls frequency of worker invocation. */ +static unsigned int selfballoon_interval __read_mostly = 5; + +/* + * Minimum usable RAM in MB for selfballooning target for balloon. + * If non-zero, it is added to totalreserve_pages and self-ballooning + * will not balloon below the sum. If zero, a piecewise linear function + * is calculated as a minimum and added to totalreserve_pages. Note that + * setting this value indiscriminately may cause OOMs and crashes. + */ +static unsigned int selfballoon_min_usable_mb; + +/* + * Amount of RAM in MB to add to the target number of pages. + * Can be used to reserve some more room for caches and the like. + */ +static unsigned int selfballoon_reserved_mb; + +static void selfballoon_process(struct work_struct *work); +static DECLARE_DELAYED_WORK(selfballoon_worker, selfballoon_process); + +#ifdef CONFIG_FRONTSWAP +#include <linux/frontswap.h> + +/* Enable/disable with sysfs. */ +static bool frontswap_selfshrinking __read_mostly; + +/* + * The default values for the following parameters were deemed reasonable + * by experimentation, may be workload-dependent, and can all be + * adjusted via sysfs. + */ + +/* Control rate for frontswap shrinking. Higher hysteresis is slower. */ +static unsigned int frontswap_hysteresis __read_mostly = 20; + +/* + * Number of selfballoon worker invocations to wait before observing that + * frontswap selfshrinking should commence. Note that selfshrinking does + * not use a separate worker thread. + */ +static unsigned int frontswap_inertia __read_mostly = 3; + +/* Countdown to next invocation of frontswap_shrink() */ +static unsigned long frontswap_inertia_counter; + +/* + * Invoked by the selfballoon worker thread, uses current number of pages + * in frontswap (frontswap_curr_pages()), previous status, and control + * values (hysteresis and inertia) to determine if frontswap should be + * shrunk and what the new frontswap size should be. Note that + * frontswap_shrink is essentially a partial swapoff that immediately + * transfers pages from the "swap device" (frontswap) back into kernel + * RAM; despite the name, frontswap "shrinking" is very different from + * the "shrinker" interface used by the kernel MM subsystem to reclaim + * memory. + */ +static void frontswap_selfshrink(void) +{ + static unsigned long cur_frontswap_pages; + static unsigned long last_frontswap_pages; + static unsigned long tgt_frontswap_pages; + + last_frontswap_pages = cur_frontswap_pages; + cur_frontswap_pages = frontswap_curr_pages(); + if (!cur_frontswap_pages || + (cur_frontswap_pages > last_frontswap_pages)) { + frontswap_inertia_counter = frontswap_inertia; + return; + } + if (frontswap_inertia_counter && --frontswap_inertia_counter) + return; + if (cur_frontswap_pages <= frontswap_hysteresis) + tgt_frontswap_pages = 0; + else + tgt_frontswap_pages = cur_frontswap_pages - + (cur_frontswap_pages / frontswap_hysteresis); + frontswap_shrink(tgt_frontswap_pages); + frontswap_inertia_counter = frontswap_inertia; +} + +#endif /* CONFIG_FRONTSWAP */ + +#define MB2PAGES(mb) ((mb) << (20 - PAGE_SHIFT)) +#define PAGES2MB(pages) ((pages) >> (20 - PAGE_SHIFT)) + +/* + * Use current balloon size, the goal (vm_committed_as), and hysteresis + * parameters to set a new target balloon size + */ +static void selfballoon_process(struct work_struct *work) +{ + unsigned long cur_pages, goal_pages, tgt_pages, floor_pages; + unsigned long useful_pages; + bool reset_timer = false; + + if (xen_selfballooning_enabled) { + cur_pages = totalram_pages; + tgt_pages = cur_pages; /* default is no change */ + goal_pages = vm_memory_committed() + + totalreserve_pages + + MB2PAGES(selfballoon_reserved_mb); +#ifdef CONFIG_FRONTSWAP + /* allow space for frontswap pages to be repatriated */ + if (frontswap_selfshrinking && frontswap_enabled) + goal_pages += frontswap_curr_pages(); +#endif + if (cur_pages > goal_pages) + tgt_pages = cur_pages - + ((cur_pages - goal_pages) / + selfballoon_downhysteresis); + else if (cur_pages < goal_pages) + tgt_pages = cur_pages + + ((goal_pages - cur_pages) / + selfballoon_uphysteresis); + /* else if cur_pages == goal_pages, no change */ + useful_pages = max_pfn - totalreserve_pages; + if (selfballoon_min_usable_mb != 0) + floor_pages = totalreserve_pages + + MB2PAGES(selfballoon_min_usable_mb); + /* piecewise linear function ending in ~3% slope */ + else if (useful_pages < MB2PAGES(16)) + floor_pages = max_pfn; /* not worth ballooning */ + else if (useful_pages < MB2PAGES(64)) + floor_pages = totalreserve_pages + MB2PAGES(16) + + ((useful_pages - MB2PAGES(16)) >> 1); + else if (useful_pages < MB2PAGES(512)) + floor_pages = totalreserve_pages + MB2PAGES(40) + + ((useful_pages - MB2PAGES(40)) >> 3); + else /* useful_pages >= MB2PAGES(512) */ + floor_pages = totalreserve_pages + MB2PAGES(99) + + ((useful_pages - MB2PAGES(99)) >> 5); + if (tgt_pages < floor_pages) + tgt_pages = floor_pages; + balloon_set_new_target(tgt_pages + + balloon_stats.current_pages - totalram_pages); + reset_timer = true; + } +#ifdef CONFIG_FRONTSWAP + if (frontswap_selfshrinking && frontswap_enabled) { + frontswap_selfshrink(); + reset_timer = true; + } +#endif + if (reset_timer) + schedule_delayed_work(&selfballoon_worker, + selfballoon_interval * HZ); +} + +#ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS + +#include <linux/capability.h> + +#define SELFBALLOON_SHOW(name, format, args...) \ + static ssize_t show_##name(struct device *dev, \ + struct device_attribute *attr, \ + char *buf) \ + { \ + return sprintf(buf, format, ##args); \ + } + +SELFBALLOON_SHOW(selfballooning, "%d\n", xen_selfballooning_enabled); + +static ssize_t store_selfballooning(struct device *dev, + struct device_attribute *attr, + const char *buf, + size_t count) +{ + bool was_enabled = xen_selfballooning_enabled; + unsigned long tmp; + int err; + + if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) + return -EPERM; + + err = kstrtoul(buf, 10, &tmp); + if (err) + return err; + if ((tmp != 0) && (tmp != 1)) + return -EINVAL; + + xen_selfballooning_enabled = !!tmp; + if (!was_enabled && xen_selfballooning_enabled) + schedule_delayed_work(&selfballoon_worker, + selfballoon_interval * HZ); + + return count; +} + +static DEVICE_ATTR(selfballooning, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, + show_selfballooning, store_selfballooning); + +SELFBALLOON_SHOW(selfballoon_interval, "%d\n", selfballoon_interval); + +static ssize_t store_selfballoon_interval(struct device *dev, + struct device_attribute *attr, + const char *buf, + size_t count) +{ + unsigned long val; + int err; + + if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) + return -EPERM; + err = kstrtoul(buf, 10, &val); + if (err) + return err; + if (val == 0) + return -EINVAL; + selfballoon_interval = val; + return count; +} + +static DEVICE_ATTR(selfballoon_interval, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, + show_selfballoon_interval, store_selfballoon_interval); + +SELFBALLOON_SHOW(selfballoon_downhys, "%d\n", selfballoon_downhysteresis); + +static ssize_t store_selfballoon_downhys(struct device *dev, + struct device_attribute *attr, + const char *buf, + size_t count) +{ + unsigned long val; + int err; + + if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) + return -EPERM; + err = kstrtoul(buf, 10, &val); + if (err) + return err; + if (val == 0) + return -EINVAL; + selfballoon_downhysteresis = val; + return count; +} + +static DEVICE_ATTR(selfballoon_downhysteresis, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, + show_selfballoon_downhys, store_selfballoon_downhys); + + +SELFBALLOON_SHOW(selfballoon_uphys, "%d\n", selfballoon_uphysteresis); + +static ssize_t store_selfballoon_uphys(struct device *dev, + struct device_attribute *attr, + const char *buf, + size_t count) +{ + unsigned long val; + int err; + + if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) + return -EPERM; + err = kstrtoul(buf, 10, &val); + if (err) + return err; + if (val == 0) + return -EINVAL; + selfballoon_uphysteresis = val; + return count; +} + +static DEVICE_ATTR(selfballoon_uphysteresis, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, + show_selfballoon_uphys, store_selfballoon_uphys); + +SELFBALLOON_SHOW(selfballoon_min_usable_mb, "%d\n", + selfballoon_min_usable_mb); + +static ssize_t store_selfballoon_min_usable_mb(struct device *dev, + struct device_attribute *attr, + const char *buf, + size_t count) +{ + unsigned long val; + int err; + + if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) + return -EPERM; + err = kstrtoul(buf, 10, &val); + if (err) + return err; + if (val == 0) + return -EINVAL; + selfballoon_min_usable_mb = val; + return count; +} + +static DEVICE_ATTR(selfballoon_min_usable_mb, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, + show_selfballoon_min_usable_mb, + store_selfballoon_min_usable_mb); + +SELFBALLOON_SHOW(selfballoon_reserved_mb, "%d\n", + selfballoon_reserved_mb); + +static ssize_t store_selfballoon_reserved_mb(struct device *dev, + struct device_attribute *attr, + const char *buf, + size_t count) +{ + unsigned long val; + int err; + + if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) + return -EPERM; + err = kstrtoul(buf, 10, &val); + if (err) + return err; + if (val == 0) + return -EINVAL; + selfballoon_reserved_mb = val; + return count; +} + +static DEVICE_ATTR(selfballoon_reserved_mb, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, + show_selfballoon_reserved_mb, + store_selfballoon_reserved_mb); + + +#ifdef CONFIG_FRONTSWAP +SELFBALLOON_SHOW(frontswap_selfshrinking, "%d\n", frontswap_selfshrinking); + +static ssize_t store_frontswap_selfshrinking(struct device *dev, + struct device_attribute *attr, + const char *buf, + size_t count) +{ + bool was_enabled = frontswap_selfshrinking; + unsigned long tmp; + int err; + + if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) + return -EPERM; + err = kstrtoul(buf, 10, &tmp); + if (err) + return err; + if ((tmp != 0) && (tmp != 1)) + return -EINVAL; + frontswap_selfshrinking = !!tmp; + if (!was_enabled && !xen_selfballooning_enabled && + frontswap_selfshrinking) + schedule_delayed_work(&selfballoon_worker, + selfballoon_interval * HZ); + + return count; +} + +static DEVICE_ATTR(frontswap_selfshrinking, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, + show_frontswap_selfshrinking, store_frontswap_selfshrinking); + +SELFBALLOON_SHOW(frontswap_inertia, "%d\n", frontswap_inertia); + +static ssize_t store_frontswap_inertia(struct device *dev, + struct device_attribute *attr, + const char *buf, + size_t count) +{ + unsigned long val; + int err; + + if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) + return -EPERM; + err = kstrtoul(buf, 10, &val); + if (err) + return err; + if (val == 0) + return -EINVAL; + frontswap_inertia = val; + frontswap_inertia_counter = val; + return count; +} + +static DEVICE_ATTR(frontswap_inertia, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, + show_frontswap_inertia, store_frontswap_inertia); + +SELFBALLOON_SHOW(frontswap_hysteresis, "%d\n", frontswap_hysteresis); + +static ssize_t store_frontswap_hysteresis(struct device *dev, + struct device_attribute *attr, + const char *buf, + size_t count) +{ + unsigned long val; + int err; + + if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) + return -EPERM; + err = kstrtoul(buf, 10, &val); + if (err) + return err; + if (val == 0) + return -EINVAL; + frontswap_hysteresis = val; + return count; +} + +static DEVICE_ATTR(frontswap_hysteresis, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, + show_frontswap_hysteresis, store_frontswap_hysteresis); + +#endif /* CONFIG_FRONTSWAP */ + +static struct attribute *selfballoon_attrs[] = { + &dev_attr_selfballooning.attr, + &dev_attr_selfballoon_interval.attr, + &dev_attr_selfballoon_downhysteresis.attr, + &dev_attr_selfballoon_uphysteresis.attr, + &dev_attr_selfballoon_min_usable_mb.attr, + &dev_attr_selfballoon_reserved_mb.attr, +#ifdef CONFIG_FRONTSWAP + &dev_attr_frontswap_selfshrinking.attr, + &dev_attr_frontswap_hysteresis.attr, + &dev_attr_frontswap_inertia.attr, +#endif + NULL +}; + +static const struct attribute_group selfballoon_group = { + .name = "selfballoon", + .attrs = selfballoon_attrs +}; +#endif + +int register_xen_selfballooning(struct device *dev) +{ + int error = -1; + +#ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS + error = sysfs_create_group(&dev->kobj, &selfballoon_group); +#endif + return error; +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL(register_xen_selfballooning); + +int xen_selfballoon_init(bool use_selfballooning, bool use_frontswap_selfshrink) +{ + bool enable = false; + unsigned long reserve_pages; + + if (!xen_domain()) + return -ENODEV; + + if (xen_initial_domain()) { + pr_info("Xen selfballooning driver disabled for domain0\n"); + return -ENODEV; + } + + xen_selfballooning_enabled = tmem_enabled && use_selfballooning; + if (xen_selfballooning_enabled) { + pr_info("Initializing Xen selfballooning driver\n"); + enable = true; + } +#ifdef CONFIG_FRONTSWAP + frontswap_selfshrinking = tmem_enabled && use_frontswap_selfshrink; + if (frontswap_selfshrinking) { + pr_info("Initializing frontswap selfshrinking driver\n"); + enable = true; + } +#endif + if (!enable) + return -ENODEV; + + /* + * Give selfballoon_reserved_mb a default value(10% of total ram pages) + * to make selfballoon not so aggressive. + * + * There are mainly two reasons: + * 1) The original goal_page didn't consider some pages used by kernel + * space, like slab pages and memory used by device drivers. + * + * 2) The balloon driver may not give back memory to guest OS fast + * enough when the workload suddenly aquries a lot of physical memory. + * + * In both cases, the guest OS will suffer from memory pressure and + * OOM killer may be triggered. + * By reserving extra 10% of total ram pages, we can keep the system + * much more reliably and response faster in some cases. + */ + if (!selfballoon_reserved_mb) { + reserve_pages = totalram_pages / 10; + selfballoon_reserved_mb = PAGES2MB(reserve_pages); + } + schedule_delayed_work(&selfballoon_worker, selfballoon_interval * HZ); + + return 0; +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL(xen_selfballoon_init); |