Merge "Add Python3 support to the ODL testcase"

8 files changed, 95 insertions, 91 deletions

diff --git a/functest/opnfv_tests/sdn/odl/odl.py b/functest/opnfv_tests/sdn/odl/odl.py
index e50d9c130..6f586b7a0 100755
--- a/functest/opnfv_tests/sdn/odl/odl.py
+++ b/functest/opnfv_tests/sdn/odl/odl.py
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ import logging
 import os
 import re
 import sys
-import urlparse
 
 import robot.api
 from robot.errors import RobotError
 import robot.run
 from robot.utils.robottime import timestamp_to_secs
+from six.moves import urllib
 
 from functest.core import testcase
 import functest.utils.openstack_utils as op_utils
@@ -87,10 +87,10 @@ class ODLTests(testcase.TestCase):
         try:
             for line in fileinput.input(odl_variables_files,
                                         inplace=True):
-                print re.sub("AUTH = .*",
+                print(re.sub("AUTH = .*",
                              ("AUTH = [u'" + odlusername + "', u'" +
                               odlpassword + "']"),
-                             line.rstrip())
+                             line.rstrip()))
             return True
         except Exception as ex:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
             cls.__logger.error("Cannot set ODL creds: %s", str(ex))
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class ODLTests(testcase.TestCase):
             odlusername = kwargs['odlusername']
             odlpassword = kwargs['odlpassword']
             osauthurl = kwargs['osauthurl']
-            keystoneip = urlparse.urlparse(osauthurl).hostname
+            keystoneip = urllib.parse.urlparse(osauthurl).hostname
             variables = ['KEYSTONE:' + keystoneip,
                          'NEUTRON:' + kwargs['neutronip'],
                          'OS_AUTH_URL:"' + osauthurl + '"',
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ class ODLTests(testcase.TestCase):
             except KeyError:
                 pass
             neutron_url = op_utils.get_endpoint(service_type='network')
-            kwargs = {'neutronip': urlparse.urlparse(neutron_url).hostname}
+            kwargs = {'neutronip': urllib.parse.urlparse(neutron_url).hostname}
             kwargs['odlip'] = kwargs['neutronip']
             kwargs['odlwebport'] = '8080'
             kwargs['odlrestconfport'] = '8181'
diff --git a/functest/tests/unit/odl/test_odl.py b/functest/tests/unit/odl/test_odl.py
index 2484f5a5c..e2778e249 100644
--- a/functest/tests/unit/odl/test_odl.py
+++ b/functest/tests/unit/odl/test_odl.py
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 import errno
 import logging
 import os
-import StringIO
 import unittest
 
 from keystoneauth1.exceptions import auth_plugins
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@ import mock
 from robot.errors import DataError, RobotError
 from robot.result import model
 from robot.utils.robottime import timestamp_to_secs
+import six
 
 from functest.core import testcase
 from functest.opnfv_tests.sdn.odl import odl
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class ODLRobotTesting(ODLTesting):
             os.path.join(odl.ODLTests.odl_test_repo,
                          'csit/variables/Variables.py'), inplace=True)
 
-    @mock.patch('sys.stdout', new_callable=StringIO.StringIO)
+    @mock.patch('sys.stdout', new_callable=six.StringIO)
     def _test_set_vars(self, msg1, msg2, *args):
         line = mock.MagicMock()
         line.__iter__.return_value = [msg1]
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class ODLRobotTesting(ODLTesting):
     def test_set_vars_auth1(self):
         self._test_set_vars("AUTH1 = []", "AUTH1 = []")
 
-    @mock.patch('sys.stdout', new_callable=StringIO.StringIO)
+    @mock.patch('sys.stdout', new_callable=six.StringIO)
     def test_set_vars_auth_foo(self, *args):
         line = mock.MagicMock()
         line.__iter__.return_value = ["AUTH = []"]
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ class ODLArgParserTesting(ODLTesting):
                  "--odlip={}".format(self._sdn_controller_ip)]),
             self.defaultargs)
 
-    @mock.patch('sys.stderr', new_callable=StringIO.StringIO)
+    @mock.patch('sys.stderr', new_callable=six.StringIO)
     def test_fail(self, mock_method):
         self.defaultargs['foo'] = 'bar'
         with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
diff --git a/functest/tests/unit/utils/test_functest_utils.py b/functest/tests/unit/utils/test_functest_utils.py
index 573fcb70f..6714e55f7 100644
--- a/functest/tests/unit/utils/test_functest_utils.py
+++ b/functest/tests/unit/utils/test_functest_utils.py
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ import logging
 import os
 import time
 import unittest
-import urllib2
 
 from git.exc import NoSuchPathError
 import mock
 import requests
+from six.moves import urllib
 
 from functest.tests.unit import test_utils
 from functest.utils import functest_utils
@@ -62,31 +62,31 @@ class FunctestUtilsTesting(unittest.TestCase):
         self.file_yaml = {'general': {'openstack': {'image_name':
                                                     'test_image_name'}}}
 
-    @mock.patch('urllib2.urlopen',
-                side_effect=urllib2.URLError('no host given'))
+    @mock.patch('six.moves.urllib.request.urlopen',
+                side_effect=urllib.error.URLError('no host given'))
     def test_check_internet_connectivity_failed(self, mock_method):
         self.assertFalse(functest_utils.check_internet_connectivity())
         mock_method.assert_called_once_with(self.url, timeout=self.timeout)
 
-    @mock.patch('urllib2.urlopen')
+    @mock.patch('six.moves.urllib.request.urlopen')
     def test_check_internet_connectivity_default(self, mock_method):
         self.assertTrue(functest_utils.check_internet_connectivity())
         mock_method.assert_called_once_with(self.url, timeout=self.timeout)
 
-    @mock.patch('urllib2.urlopen')
+    @mock.patch('six.moves.urllib.request.urlopen')
     def test_check_internet_connectivity_debian(self, mock_method):
         self.url = "https://www.debian.org/"
         self.assertTrue(functest_utils.check_internet_connectivity(self.url))
         mock_method.assert_called_once_with(self.url, timeout=self.timeout)
 
-    @mock.patch('urllib2.urlopen',
-                side_effect=urllib2.URLError('no host given'))
+    @mock.patch('six.moves.urllib.request.urlopen',
+                side_effect=urllib.error.URLError('no host given'))
     def test_download_url_failed(self, mock_url):
         self.assertFalse(functest_utils.download_url(self.url, self.dest_path))
 
-    @mock.patch('urllib2.urlopen')
+    @mock.patch('six.moves.urllib.request.urlopen')
     def test_download_url_default(self, mock_url):
-        with mock.patch("__builtin__.open", mock.mock_open()) as m, \
+        with mock.patch("six.moves.builtins.open", mock.mock_open()) as m, \
                 mock.patch('functest.utils.functest_utils.shutil.copyfileobj')\
                 as mock_sh:
             name = self.url.rsplit('/')[-1]
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ class FunctestUtilsTesting(unittest.TestCase):
         attrs = {'readline.side_effect': self.readline_side}
         m.configure_mock(**attrs)
 
-        with mock.patch("__builtin__.open") as mo:
+        with mock.patch("six.moves.builtins.open") as mo:
             mo.return_value = m
             self.assertEqual(functest_utils.get_resolvconf_ns(),
                              self.test_ip[1:])
@@ -399,7 +399,8 @@ class FunctestUtilsTesting(unittest.TestCase):
                                                      mock_logger_error):
         with mock.patch('functest.utils.functest_utils.subprocess.Popen') \
                 as mock_subproc_open, \
-                mock.patch('__builtin__.open', mock.mock_open()) as mopen:
+                mock.patch('six.moves.builtins.open',
+                           mock.mock_open()) as mopen:
 
             FunctestUtilsTesting.readline = 0
 
@@ -428,7 +429,8 @@ class FunctestUtilsTesting(unittest.TestCase):
                                                        ):
         with mock.patch('functest.utils.functest_utils.subprocess.Popen') \
                 as mock_subproc_open, \
-                mock.patch('__builtin__.open', mock.mock_open()) as mopen:
+                mock.patch('six.moves.builtins.open',
+                           mock.mock_open()) as mopen:
 
             FunctestUtilsTesting.readline = 0
 
@@ -503,7 +505,7 @@ class FunctestUtilsTesting(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @mock.patch('functest.utils.functest_utils.logger.error')
     def test_get_dict_by_test(self, mock_logger_error):
-        with mock.patch('__builtin__.open', mock.mock_open()), \
+        with mock.patch('six.moves.builtins.open', mock.mock_open()), \
                 mock.patch('functest.utils.functest_utils.yaml.safe_load') \
                 as mock_yaml, \
                 mock.patch('functest.utils.functest_utils.get_testcases_'
@@ -531,7 +533,7 @@ class FunctestUtilsTesting(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_get_parameter_from_yaml_failed(self):
         self.file_yaml['general'] = None
-        with mock.patch('__builtin__.open', mock.mock_open()), \
+        with mock.patch('six.moves.builtins.open', mock.mock_open()), \
                 mock.patch('functest.utils.functest_utils.yaml.safe_load') \
                 as mock_yaml, \
                 self.assertRaises(ValueError) as excep:
@@ -543,7 +545,7 @@ class FunctestUtilsTesting(unittest.TestCase):
                              self.parameter) in excep.exception)
 
     def test_get_parameter_from_yaml_default(self):
-        with mock.patch('__builtin__.open', mock.mock_open()), \
+        with mock.patch('six.moves.builtins.open', mock.mock_open()), \
                 mock.patch('functest.utils.functest_utils.yaml.safe_load') \
                 as mock_yaml:
             mock_yaml.return_value = self.file_yaml
@@ -586,7 +588,7 @@ class FunctestUtilsTesting(unittest.TestCase):
                          "functest/ci/testcases.yaml")
 
     def test_get_functest_yaml(self):
-        with mock.patch('__builtin__.open', mock.mock_open()), \
+        with mock.patch('six.moves.builtins.open', mock.mock_open()), \
                 mock.patch('functest.utils.functest_utils.yaml.safe_load') \
                 as mock_yaml:
             mock_yaml.return_value = self.file_yaml
diff --git a/functest/utils/decorators.py b/functest/utils/decorators.py
index bfbdf048d..73e0a3520 100644
--- a/functest/utils/decorators.py
+++ b/functest/utils/decorators.py
@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@
 import errno
 import functools
 import os
-import urlparse
 
 import mock
 import requests.sessions
+from six.moves import urllib
 
 
 def can_dump_request_to_file(method):
 
     def dump_preparedrequest(request, **kwargs):
         # pylint: disable=unused-argument
-        parseresult = urlparse.urlparse(request.url)
+        parseresult = urllib.parse.urlparse(request.url)
         if parseresult.scheme == "file":
             try:
                 dirname = os.path.dirname(parseresult.path)
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def can_dump_request_to_file(method):
 
     def patch_request(method, url, **kwargs):
         with requests.sessions.Session() as session:
-            parseresult = urlparse.urlparse(url)
+            parseresult = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
             if parseresult.scheme == "file":
                 with mock.patch.object(session, 'send',
                                        side_effect=dump_preparedrequest):
diff --git a/functest/utils/functest_utils.py b/functest/utils/functest_utils.py
index 3e85b9e46..6be3883fa 100644
--- a/functest/utils/functest_utils.py
+++ b/functest/utils/functest_utils.py
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import time
-import urllib2
 from datetime import datetime as dt
 
 import dns.resolver
 import requests
+from six.moves import urllib
 import yaml
 from git import Repo
 
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ def check_internet_connectivity(url='http://www.opnfv.org/'):
     Check if there is access to the internet
     """
     try:
-        urllib2.urlopen(url, timeout=5)
+        urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=5)
         return True
-    except urllib2.URLError:
+    except urllib.error.URLError:
         return False
 
 
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ def download_url(url, dest_path):
     name = url.rsplit('/')[-1]
     dest = dest_path + "/" + name
     try:
-        response = urllib2.urlopen(url)
-    except (urllib2.HTTPError, urllib2.URLError):
+        response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
+    except (urllib.error.HTTPError, urllib.error.URLError):
         return False
 
     with open(dest, 'wb') as f:
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ def execute_command(cmd, info=False, error_msg="",
             f.write(line)
         else:
             line = line.replace('\n', '')
-            print line
+            print(line)
             sys.stdout.flush()
     if output_file:
         f.close()
diff --git a/functest/utils/openstack_utils.py b/functest/utils/openstack_utils.py
index 7e00a269c..8bd950528 100644
--- a/functest/utils/openstack_utils.py
+++ b/functest/utils/openstack_utils.py
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ def get_instances(nova_client):
     try:
         instances = nova_client.servers.list(search_opts={'all_tenants': 1})
         return instances
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [get_instances(nova_client)]: %s" % e)
         return None
 
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ def get_instance_status(nova_client, instance):
     try:
         instance = nova_client.servers.get(instance.id)
         return instance.status
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [get_instance_status(nova_client)]: %s" % e)
         return None
 
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ def get_instance_by_name(nova_client, instance_name):
     try:
         instance = nova_client.servers.find(name=instance_name)
         return instance
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [get_instance_by_name(nova_client, '%s')]: %s"
                      % (instance_name, e))
         return None
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ def get_aggregates(nova_client):
     try:
         aggregates = nova_client.aggregates.list()
         return aggregates
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [get_aggregates(nova_client)]: %s" % e)
         return None
 
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ def get_aggregate_id(nova_client, aggregate_name):
         aggregates = get_aggregates(nova_client)
         _id = [ag.id for ag in aggregates if ag.name == aggregate_name][0]
         return _id
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [get_aggregate_id(nova_client, %s)]:"
                      " %s" % (aggregate_name, e))
         return None
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ def get_availability_zones(nova_client):
     try:
         availability_zones = nova_client.availability_zones.list()
         return availability_zones
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [get_availability_zones(nova_client)]: %s" % e)
         return None
 
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ def get_availability_zone_names(nova_client):
     try:
         az_names = [az.zoneName for az in get_availability_zones(nova_client)]
         return az_names
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [get_availability_zone_names(nova_client)]:"
                      " %s" % e)
         return None
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ def create_flavor(nova_client, flavor_name, ram, disk, vcpus, public=True):
             # flavor extra specs are not configured, therefore skip the update
             pass
 
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [create_flavor(nova_client, '%s', '%s', '%s', "
                      "'%s')]: %s" % (flavor_name, ram, disk, vcpus, e))
         return None
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ def get_floating_ips(nova_client):
     try:
         floating_ips = nova_client.floating_ips.list()
         return floating_ips
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [get_floating_ips(nova_client)]: %s" % e)
         return None
 
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ def get_hypervisors(nova_client):
             if hypervisor.state == "up":
                 nodes.append(hypervisor.hypervisor_hostname)
         return nodes
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [get_hypervisors(nova_client)]: %s" % e)
         return None
 
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ def create_aggregate(nova_client, aggregate_name, av_zone):
     try:
         nova_client.aggregates.create(aggregate_name, av_zone)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [create_aggregate(nova_client, %s, %s)]: %s"
                      % (aggregate_name, av_zone, e))
         return None
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ def add_host_to_aggregate(nova_client, aggregate_name, compute_host):
         aggregate_id = get_aggregate_id(nova_client, aggregate_name)
         nova_client.aggregates.add_host(aggregate_id, compute_host)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [add_host_to_aggregate(nova_client, %s, %s)]: %s"
                      % (aggregate_name, compute_host, e))
         return None
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ def create_aggregate_with_host(
         create_aggregate(nova_client, aggregate_name, av_zone)
         add_host_to_aggregate(nova_client, aggregate_name, compute_host)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [create_aggregate_with_host("
                      "nova_client, %s, %s, %s)]: %s"
                      % (aggregate_name, av_zone, compute_host, e))
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ def create_floating_ip(neutron_client):
         ip_json = neutron_client.create_floatingip({'floatingip': props})
         fip_addr = ip_json['floatingip']['floating_ip_address']
         fip_id = ip_json['floatingip']['id']
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [create_floating_ip(neutron_client)]: %s" % e)
         return None
     return {'fip_addr': fip_addr, 'fip_id': fip_id}
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ def add_floating_ip(nova_client, server_id, floatingip_addr):
     try:
         nova_client.servers.add_floating_ip(server_id, floatingip_addr)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [add_floating_ip(nova_client, '%s', '%s')]: %s"
                      % (server_id, floatingip_addr, e))
         return False
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ def delete_instance(nova_client, instance_id):
     try:
         nova_client.servers.force_delete(instance_id)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [delete_instance(nova_client, '%s')]: %s"
                      % (instance_id, e))
         return False
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ def delete_floating_ip(nova_client, floatingip_id):
     try:
         nova_client.floating_ips.delete(floatingip_id)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [delete_floating_ip(nova_client, '%s')]: %s"
                      % (floatingip_id, e))
         return False
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ def remove_host_from_aggregate(nova_client, aggregate_name, compute_host):
         aggregate_id = get_aggregate_id(nova_client, aggregate_name)
         nova_client.aggregates.remove_host(aggregate_id, compute_host)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [remove_host_from_aggregate(nova_client, %s, %s)]:"
                      " %s" % (aggregate_name, compute_host, e))
         return False
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ def delete_aggregate(nova_client, aggregate_name):
         remove_hosts_from_aggregate(nova_client, aggregate_name)
         nova_client.aggregates.delete(aggregate_name)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [delete_aggregate(nova_client, %s)]: %s"
                      % (aggregate_name, e))
         return False
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ def create_neutron_net(neutron_client, name):
         network = neutron_client.create_network(body=json_body)
         network_dict = network['network']
         return network_dict['id']
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [create_neutron_net(neutron_client, '%s')]: %s"
                      % (name, e))
         return None
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ def create_neutron_subnet(neutron_client, name, cidr, net_id):
     try:
         subnet = neutron_client.create_subnet(body=json_body)
         return subnet['subnets'][0]['id']
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [create_neutron_subnet(neutron_client, '%s', "
                      "'%s', '%s')]: %s" % (name, cidr, net_id, e))
         return None
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ def create_neutron_router(neutron_client, name):
     try:
         router = neutron_client.create_router(json_body)
         return router['router']['id']
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [create_neutron_router(neutron_client, '%s')]: %s"
                      % (name, e))
         return None
@@ -754,7 +754,7 @@ def create_neutron_port(neutron_client, name, network_id, ip):
     try:
         port = neutron_client.create_port(body=json_body)
         return port['port']['id']
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [create_neutron_port(neutron_client, '%s', '%s', "
                      "'%s')]: %s" % (name, network_id, ip, e))
         return None
@@ -765,7 +765,7 @@ def update_neutron_net(neutron_client, network_id, shared=False):
     try:
         neutron_client.update_network(network_id, body=json_body)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [update_neutron_net(neutron_client, '%s', '%s')]: "
                      "%s" % (network_id, str(shared), e))
         return False
@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ def update_neutron_port(neutron_client, port_id, device_owner):
         port = neutron_client.update_port(port=port_id,
                                           body=json_body)
         return port['port']['id']
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [update_neutron_port(neutron_client, '%s', '%s')]:"
                      " %s" % (port_id, device_owner, e))
         return None
@@ -790,7 +790,7 @@ def add_interface_router(neutron_client, router_id, subnet_id):
     try:
         neutron_client.add_interface_router(router=router_id, body=json_body)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [add_interface_router(neutron_client, '%s', "
                      "'%s')]: %s" % (router_id, subnet_id, e))
         return False
@@ -802,7 +802,7 @@ def add_gateway_router(neutron_client, router_id):
     try:
         neutron_client.add_gateway_router(router_id, router_dict)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [add_gateway_router(neutron_client, '%s')]: %s"
                      % (router_id, e))
         return False
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ def delete_neutron_net(neutron_client, network_id):
     try:
         neutron_client.delete_network(network_id)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [delete_neutron_net(neutron_client, '%s')]: %s"
                      % (network_id, e))
         return False
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ def delete_neutron_subnet(neutron_client, subnet_id):
     try:
         neutron_client.delete_subnet(subnet_id)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [delete_neutron_subnet(neutron_client, '%s')]: %s"
                      % (subnet_id, e))
         return False
@@ -832,7 +832,7 @@ def delete_neutron_router(neutron_client, router_id):
     try:
         neutron_client.delete_router(router=router_id)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [delete_neutron_router(neutron_client, '%s')]: %s"
                      % (router_id, e))
         return False
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ def delete_neutron_port(neutron_client, port_id):
     try:
         neutron_client.delete_port(port_id)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [delete_neutron_port(neutron_client, '%s')]: %s"
                      % (port_id, e))
         return False
@@ -854,7 +854,7 @@ def remove_interface_router(neutron_client, router_id, subnet_id):
         neutron_client.remove_interface_router(router=router_id,
                                                body=json_body)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [remove_interface_router(neutron_client, '%s', "
                      "'%s')]: %s" % (router_id, subnet_id, e))
         return False
@@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ def remove_gateway_router(neutron_client, router_id):
     try:
         neutron_client.remove_gateway_router(router_id)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [remove_gateway_router(neutron_client, '%s')]: %s"
                      % (router_id, e))
         return False
@@ -994,7 +994,7 @@ def get_security_groups(neutron_client):
         security_groups = neutron_client.list_security_groups()[
             'security_groups']
         return security_groups
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [get_security_groups(neutron_client)]: %s" % e)
         return None
 
@@ -1015,7 +1015,7 @@ def create_security_group(neutron_client, sg_name, sg_description):
     try:
         secgroup = neutron_client.create_security_group(json_body)
         return secgroup['security_group']
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [create_security_group(neutron_client, '%s', "
                      "'%s')]: %s" % (sg_name, sg_description, e))
         return None
@@ -1070,7 +1070,7 @@ def get_security_group_rules(neutron_client, sg_id):
         security_rules = [rule for rule in security_rules
                           if rule["security_group_id"] == sg_id]
         return security_rules
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [get_security_group_rules(neutron_client, sg_id)]:"
                      " %s" % e)
         return None
@@ -1089,7 +1089,7 @@ def check_security_group_rules(neutron_client, sg_id, direction, protocol,
             return True
         else:
             return False
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [check_security_group_rules("
                      " neutron_client, sg_id, direction,"
                      " protocol, port_min=None, port_max=None)]: "
@@ -1141,7 +1141,7 @@ def add_secgroup_to_instance(nova_client, instance_id, secgroup_id):
     try:
         nova_client.servers.add_security_group(instance_id, secgroup_id)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [add_secgroup_to_instance(nova_client, '%s', "
                      "'%s')]: %s" % (instance_id, secgroup_id, e))
         return False
@@ -1157,7 +1157,7 @@ def update_sg_quota(neutron_client, tenant_id, sg_quota, sg_rule_quota):
         neutron_client.update_quota(tenant_id=tenant_id,
                                     body=json_body)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [update_sg_quota(neutron_client, '%s', '%s', "
                      "'%s')]: %s" % (tenant_id, sg_quota, sg_rule_quota, e))
         return False
@@ -1167,7 +1167,7 @@ def delete_security_group(neutron_client, secgroup_id):
     try:
         neutron_client.delete_security_group(secgroup_id)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [delete_security_group(neutron_client, '%s')]: %s"
                      % (secgroup_id, e))
         return False
@@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@ def get_images(nova_client):
     try:
         images = nova_client.images.list()
         return images
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [get_images]: %s" % e)
         return None
 
@@ -1216,7 +1216,7 @@ def create_glance_image(glance_client, image_name, file_path, disk="qcow2",
             with open(file_path) as image_data:
                 glance_client.images.upload(image_id, image_data)
         return image_id
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [create_glance_image(glance_client, '%s', '%s', "
                      "'%s')]: %s" % (image_name, file_path, public, e))
         return None
@@ -1246,7 +1246,7 @@ def delete_glance_image(nova_client, image_id):
     try:
         nova_client.images.delete(image_id)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [delete_glance_image(nova_client, '%s')]: %s"
                      % (image_id, e))
         return False
@@ -1259,7 +1259,7 @@ def get_volumes(cinder_client):
     try:
         volumes = cinder_client.volumes.list(search_opts={'all_tenants': 1})
         return volumes
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [get_volumes(cinder_client)]: %s" % e)
         return None
 
@@ -1272,7 +1272,7 @@ def list_volume_types(cinder_client, public=True, private=True):
         if not private:
             volume_types = [vt for vt in volume_types if vt.is_public]
         return volume_types
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [list_volume_types(cinder_client)]: %s" % e)
         return None
 
@@ -1281,7 +1281,7 @@ def create_volume_type(cinder_client, name):
     try:
         volume_type = cinder_client.volume_types.create(name)
         return volume_type
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [create_volume_type(cinder_client, '%s')]: %s"
                      % (name, e))
         return None
@@ -1296,7 +1296,7 @@ def update_cinder_quota(cinder_client, tenant_id, vols_quota,
     try:
         cinder_client.quotas.update(tenant_id, **quotas_values)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [update_cinder_quota(cinder_client, '%s', '%s', "
                      "'%s' '%s')]: %s" % (tenant_id, vols_quota,
                                           snapshots_quota, gigabytes_quota, e))
@@ -1314,7 +1314,7 @@ def delete_volume(cinder_client, volume_id, forced=False):
         else:
             cinder_client.volumes.delete(volume_id)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [delete_volume(cinder_client, '%s', '%s')]: %s"
                      % (volume_id, str(forced), e))
         return False
@@ -1324,7 +1324,7 @@ def delete_volume_type(cinder_client, volume_type):
     try:
         cinder_client.volume_types.delete(volume_type)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [delete_volume_type(cinder_client, '%s')]: %s"
                      % (volume_type, e))
         return False
@@ -1340,7 +1340,7 @@ def get_tenants(keystone_client):
         else:
             tenants = keystone_client.tenants.list()
         return tenants
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [get_tenants(keystone_client)]: %s" % e)
         return None
 
@@ -1349,7 +1349,7 @@ def get_users(keystone_client):
     try:
         users = keystone_client.users.list()
         return users
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [get_users(keystone_client)]: %s" % e)
         return None
 
@@ -1397,7 +1397,7 @@ def create_tenant(keystone_client, tenant_name, tenant_description):
                                                     tenant_description,
                                                     enabled=True)
         return tenant.id
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [create_tenant(keystone_client, '%s', '%s')]: %s"
                      % (tenant_name, tenant_description, e))
         return None
@@ -1428,7 +1428,7 @@ def create_user(keystone_client, user_name, user_password,
                                                 tenant_id,
                                                 enabled=True)
         return user.id
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [create_user(keystone_client, '%s', '%s', '%s'"
                      "'%s')]: %s" % (user_name, user_password,
                                      user_email, tenant_id, e))
@@ -1453,7 +1453,7 @@ def add_role_user(keystone_client, user_id, role_id, tenant_id):
         else:
             keystone_client.roles.add_user_role(user_id, role_id, tenant_id)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [add_role_user(keystone_client, '%s', '%s'"
                      "'%s')]: %s " % (user_id, role_id, tenant_id, e))
         return False
@@ -1466,7 +1466,7 @@ def delete_tenant(keystone_client, tenant_id):
         else:
             keystone_client.tenants.delete(tenant_id)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [delete_tenant(keystone_client, '%s')]: %s"
                      % (tenant_id, e))
         return False
@@ -1476,7 +1476,7 @@ def delete_user(keystone_client, user_id):
     try:
         keystone_client.users.delete(user_id)
         return True
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [delete_user(keystone_client, '%s')]: %s"
                      % (user_id, e))
         return False
@@ -1489,6 +1489,6 @@ def get_resource(heat_client, stack_id, resource):
     try:
         resources = heat_client.resources.get(stack_id, resource)
         return resources
-    except Exception, e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.error("Error [get_resource]: %s" % e)
         return None
diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index e9b32e454..4170157c1 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -36,3 +36,4 @@ openbaton-cli==2.2.1-beta7
 mock==1.3.0
 iniparse==0.4
 PrettyTable>=0.7.1,<0.8 # BSD
+six>=1.9.0 # MIT
diff --git a/test-requirements.txt b/test-requirements.txt
index a871137fd..4ba763a5f 100644
--- a/test-requirements.txt
+++ b/test-requirements.txt
@@ -28,3 +28,4 @@ robotframework-sshlibrary==2.1.3
 subprocess32==3.2.7
 virtualenv==15.1.0
 PrettyTable>=0.7.1,<0.8 # BSD
+six>=1.9.0 # MIT