summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/rubbos/app/apache2/manual/vhosts/mass.html.en
blob: ee0f0f1d0d2e69df5496fee850531ad073a47314 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><!--
        XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
              This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT
        XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
      -->
<title>Dynamically Configured Mass Virtual Hosting - Apache HTTP Server</title>
<link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" />
<link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" />
<link href="../style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" />
<link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head>
<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header">
<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="../faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.0</p>
<img alt="" src="../images/feather.gif" /></div>
<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="&lt;-" alt="&lt;-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
<div id="path">
<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> &gt; <a href="../">Version 2.0</a> &gt; <a href="./">Virtual Hosts</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Dynamically Configured Mass Virtual Hosting</h1>
<div class="toplang">
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/vhosts/mass.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a> |
<a href="../ko/vhosts/mass.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean">&nbsp;ko&nbsp;</a> |
<a href="../tr/vhosts/mass.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="T�rk�e">&nbsp;tr&nbsp;</a></p>
</div>


    <p>This document describes how to efficiently serve an
    arbitrary number of virtual hosts with the Apache httpd webserver. 
    </p>

</div>
<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#motivation">Motivation</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#simple">Simple Dynamic Virtual Hosts</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#homepages">A Virtually Hosted Homepages System</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#combinations">Using Multiple Virtual
	Hosting Systems on the Same Server</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#ipbased">More Efficient IP-Based Virtual Hosting</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#simple.rewrite">Simple Dynamic
    Virtual Hosts Using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code></a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#homepages.rewrite">A
    Homepages System Using <code>mod_rewrite</code></a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#xtra-conf">Using a Separate Virtual
    Host Configuration File</a></li>
</ul></div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="motivation" id="motivation">Motivation</a></h2>

    <p>The techniques described here are of interest if your
    <code>httpd.conf</code> contains many
    <code>&lt;VirtualHost&gt;</code> sections that are
    substantially the same, for example:</p>

<div class="example"><p><code>
NameVirtualHost 111.22.33.44<br />
&lt;VirtualHost 111.22.33.44&gt;<br />
<span class="indent">
    ServerName                 www.customer-1.com<br />
    DocumentRoot        /www/hosts/www.customer-1.com/docs<br />
    ScriptAlias  /cgi-bin/  /www/hosts/www.customer-1.com/cgi-bin<br />
</span>
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;<br />
&lt;VirtualHost 111.22.33.44&gt;<br />
<span class="indent">
    ServerName                 www.customer-2.com<br />
    DocumentRoot        /www/hosts/www.customer-2.com/docs<br />
    ScriptAlias  /cgi-bin/  /www/hosts/www.customer-2.com/cgi-bin<br />
</span>
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;<br />
# blah blah blah<br />
&lt;VirtualHost 111.22.33.44&gt;<br />
<span class="indent">
    ServerName                 www.customer-N.com<br />
    DocumentRoot        /www/hosts/www.customer-N.com/docs<br />
    ScriptAlias  /cgi-bin/  /www/hosts/www.customer-N.com/cgi-bin<br />
</span>
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;
</code></p></div>

    <p>The basic idea is to replace all of the static
    <code>&lt;VirtualHost&gt;</code> configurations with a mechanism
    that works them out dynamically. This has a number of
    advantages:</p>

    <ol>
      <li>Your configuration file is smaller, so Apache starts
      more quickly and uses less memory.</li>

      <li>Adding virtual hosts is simply a matter of creating the
      appropriate directories in the filesystem and entries in the
      DNS - you don't need to reconfigure or restart Apache.</li>
    </ol>

    <p>The main disadvantage is that you cannot have a different log file for
    each virtual host; however, if you have many virtual hosts, doing
    this can be a bad idea anyway, because of the number of file
    descriptors needed. It is better to log to a pipe or a fifo, and arrange for
    the process at the other end to distribute the logs to the customers.
    (This can also be used to accumulate statistics, etc.).</p>

</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="overview" id="overview">Overview</a></h2>

    <p>A virtual host is defined by two pieces of information: its
    IP address, and the contents of the <code>Host:</code> header
    in the HTTP request. The dynamic mass virtual hosting technique
    used here is based on automatically inserting this information into the
    pathname of the file that is used to satisfy the request. This
    can be most easily done by using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_vhost_alias.html">mod_vhost_alias</a></code> 
    with Apache 2.0. Alternatively, <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> can be used.
    Both of these modules are disabled by default; you must enable
    one of them when configuring and building Apache if you want to
    use this technique.</p>

    <p>A couple of things need to be `faked' to make the dynamic
    virtual host look like a normal one. The most important is the
    server name, which is used by Apache to generate
    self-referential URLs etc. It is configured with the
    <code>ServerName</code> directive, and it is available to CGIs
    via the <code>SERVER_NAME</code> environment variable. The
    actual value used at run time is controlled by the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#usecanonicalname">UseCanonicalName</a></code>
    setting. With <code>UseCanonicalName Off</code>, the server name
    is taken from the contents of the <code>Host:</code> header in the
    request. With <code>UseCanonicalName DNS</code>, it is taken from a
    reverse DNS lookup of the virtual host's IP address. The former
    setting is used for name-based dynamic virtual hosting, and the
    latter is used for IP-based hosting. If Apache cannot work out
    the server name because there is no <code>Host:</code> header,
    or the DNS lookup fails, then the value configured with
    <code>ServerName</code> is used instead.</p>

    <p>The other thing to `fake' is the document root (configured
    with <code>DocumentRoot</code> and available to CGIs via the
    <code>DOCUMENT_ROOT</code> environment variable). In a normal
    configuration, this is used by the core module when
    mapping URIs to filenames, but when the server is configured to
    do dynamic virtual hosting, that job must be taken over by another
    module (either <code>mod_vhost_alias</code> or
    <code>mod_rewrite</code>), which has a different way of doing
    the mapping. Neither of these modules is responsible for
    setting the <code>DOCUMENT_ROOT</code> environment variable so
    if any CGIs or SSI documents make use of it, they will get a
    misleading value.</p>

</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="simple" id="simple">Simple Dynamic Virtual Hosts</a></h2>

    <p>This extract from <code>httpd.conf</code> implements the
    virtual host arrangement outlined in the <a href="#motivation">Motivation</a> section above, but in a
    generic fashion using <code>mod_vhost_alias</code>.</p>

<div class="example"><p><code>
# get the server name from the Host: header<br />
UseCanonicalName Off<br />
<br />
# this log format can be split per-virtual-host based on the first field<br />
LogFormat "%V %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b" vcommon<br />
CustomLog logs/access_log vcommon<br />
<br />
# include the server name in the filenames used to satisfy requests<br />
VirtualDocumentRoot /www/hosts/%0/docs<br />
VirtualScriptAlias  /www/hosts/%0/cgi-bin
</code></p></div>

    <p>This configuration can be changed into an IP-based virtual
    hosting solution by just turning <code>UseCanonicalName
    Off</code> into <code>UseCanonicalName DNS</code>. The server
    name that is inserted into the filename is then derived from
    the IP address of the virtual host.</p>

</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="homepages" id="homepages">A Virtually Hosted Homepages System</a></h2>

    <p>This is an adjustment of the above system, tailored for an
    ISP's homepages server. Using a slightly more complicated
    configuration, we can select substrings of the server name to
    use in the filename so that, for example, the documents for
    <code>www.user.isp.com</code> are found in
    <code>/home/user/</code>. It uses a single <code>cgi-bin</code>
    directory instead of one per virtual host.</p>

<div class="example"><p><code>
# all the preliminary stuff is the same as above, then<br />
<br />
# include part of the server name in the filenames<br />
VirtualDocumentRoot /www/hosts/%2/docs<br />
<br />
# single cgi-bin directory<br />
ScriptAlias  /cgi-bin/  /www/std-cgi/<br />
</code></p></div>

    <p>There are examples of more complicated
    <code>VirtualDocumentRoot</code> settings in the
    <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_vhost_alias.html">mod_vhost_alias</a></code> documentation.</p>

</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="combinations" id="combinations">Using Multiple Virtual
	Hosting Systems on the Same Server</a></h2>

    <p>With more complicated setups, you can use Apache's normal
    <code>&lt;VirtualHost&gt;</code> directives to control the
    scope of the various virtual hosting configurations. For
    example, you could have one IP address for general customers' homepages,
    and another for commercial customers, with the following setup.
    This can, of course, be combined with conventional
    <code>&lt;VirtualHost&gt;</code> configuration sections.</p>

<div class="example"><p><code>
UseCanonicalName Off<br />
<br />
LogFormat "%V %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b" vcommon<br />
<br />
&lt;Directory /www/commercial&gt;<br />
<span class="indent">
    Options FollowSymLinks<br />
    AllowOverride All<br />
</span>
&lt;/Directory&gt;<br />
<br />
&lt;Directory /www/homepages&gt;<br />
<span class="indent">
    Options FollowSymLinks<br />
    AllowOverride None<br />
</span>
&lt;/Directory&gt;<br />
<br />
&lt;VirtualHost 111.22.33.44&gt;<br />
<span class="indent">
    ServerName www.commercial.isp.com<br />
    <br />
    CustomLog logs/access_log.commercial vcommon<br />
    <br />
    VirtualDocumentRoot /www/commercial/%0/docs<br />
    VirtualScriptAlias  /www/commercial/%0/cgi-bin<br />
</span>
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;<br />
<br />
&lt;VirtualHost 111.22.33.45&gt;<br />
<span class="indent">
    ServerName www.homepages.isp.com<br />
    <br />
    CustomLog logs/access_log.homepages vcommon<br />
    <br />
    VirtualDocumentRoot /www/homepages/%0/docs<br />
    ScriptAlias         /cgi-bin/ /www/std-cgi/<br />
</span>
&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;
</code></p></div>

</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="ipbased" id="ipbased">More Efficient IP-Based Virtual Hosting</a></h2>

    <p>The configuration changes suggested to turn <a href="#simple">the first
    example</a> into an IP-based virtual hosting setup result in
    a rather inefficient setup. A new DNS lookup is required for every
    request. To avoid this overhead, the filesystem can be arranged to
    correspond to the IP addresses, instead of to the host names, thereby
    negating the need for a DNS lookup. Logging will also have to be adjusted
    to fit this system.</p>

<div class="example"><p><code>
# get the server name from the reverse DNS of the IP address<br />
UseCanonicalName DNS<br />
<br />
# include the IP address in the logs so they may be split<br />
LogFormat "%A %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b" vcommon<br />
CustomLog logs/access_log vcommon<br />
<br />
# include the IP address in the filenames<br />
VirtualDocumentRootIP /www/hosts/%0/docs<br />
VirtualScriptAliasIP  /www/hosts/%0/cgi-bin<br />
</code></p></div>

</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="simple.rewrite" id="simple.rewrite">Simple Dynamic
    Virtual Hosts Using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code></a></h2>

    <p>This extract from <code>httpd.conf</code> does the same
    thing as <a href="#simple">the first example</a>. The first
    half is very similar to the corresponding part above, except for
    some changes, required for backward compatibility and to make the
    <code>mod_rewrite</code> part work properly; the second half
    configures <code>mod_rewrite</code> to do the actual work.</p>

    <p>There are a couple of especially tricky bits: by default,
    <code>mod_rewrite</code> runs before other URI translation
    modules (<code>mod_alias</code> etc.) - so if you wish to use these modules,    <code>mod_rewrite</code> must be configured to accommodate
    them. Also, some magic is required to do a
    per-dynamic-virtual-host equivalent of
    <code>ScriptAlias</code>.</p>

<div class="example"><p><code>
# get the server name from the Host: header<br />
UseCanonicalName Off<br />
<br />
# splittable logs<br />
LogFormat "%{Host}i %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b" vcommon<br />
CustomLog logs/access_log vcommon<br />
<br />
&lt;Directory /www/hosts&gt;<br />
<span class="indent">
    # ExecCGI is needed here because we can't force<br />
    # CGI execution in the way that ScriptAlias does<br />
    Options FollowSymLinks ExecCGI<br />
</span>
&lt;/Directory&gt;<br />
<br />
# now for the hard bit<br />
<br />
RewriteEngine On<br />
<br />
# a ServerName derived from a Host: header may be any case at all<br />
RewriteMap  lowercase  int:tolower<br />
<br />
## deal with normal documents first:<br />
# allow Alias /icons/ to work - repeat for other aliases<br />
RewriteCond  %{REQUEST_URI}  !^/icons/<br />
# allow CGIs to work<br />
RewriteCond  %{REQUEST_URI}  !^/cgi-bin/<br />
# do the magic<br />
RewriteRule  ^/(.*)$  /www/hosts/${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}}/docs/$1<br />
<br />
## and now deal with CGIs - we have to force a MIME type<br />
RewriteCond  %{REQUEST_URI}  ^/cgi-bin/<br />
RewriteRule  ^/(.*)$  /www/hosts/${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}}/cgi-bin/$1  [T=application/x-httpd-cgi]<br />
<br />
# that's it!
</code></p></div>

</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="homepages.rewrite" id="homepages.rewrite">A
    Homepages System Using <code>mod_rewrite</code></a></h2>

    <p>This does the same thing as <a href="#homepages">the second
    example</a>.</p>

<div class="example"><p><code>
RewriteEngine on<br />
<br />
RewriteMap   lowercase  int:tolower<br />
<br />
# allow CGIs to work<br />
RewriteCond  %{REQUEST_URI}  !^/cgi-bin/<br />
<br />
# check the hostname is right so that the RewriteRule works<br />
RewriteCond  ${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}}  ^www\.[a-z-]+\.isp\.com$<br />
<br />
# concatenate the virtual host name onto the start of the URI<br />
# the [C] means do the next rewrite on the result of this one<br />
RewriteRule  ^(.+)  ${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}}$1  [C]<br />
<br />
# now create the real file name<br />
RewriteRule  ^www\.([a-z-]+)\.isp\.com/(.*) /home/$1/$2<br />
<br />
# define the global CGI directory<br />
ScriptAlias  /cgi-bin/  /www/std-cgi/
</code></p></div>

</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="xtra-conf" id="xtra-conf">Using a Separate Virtual
    Host Configuration File</a></h2>

    <p>This arrangement uses more advanced <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>
    features to work out the translation from virtual host to document
    root, from a separate configuration file. This provides more
    flexibility, but requires more complicated configuration.</p>

    <p>The <code>vhost.map</code> file should look something like
    this:</p>

<div class="example"><p><code>
www.customer-1.com  /www/customers/1<br />
www.customer-2.com  /www/customers/2<br />
# ...<br />
www.customer-N.com  /www/customers/N<br />
</code></p></div>

    <p>The <code>httpd.conf</code> should contain the following:</p>

<div class="example"><p><code>
RewriteEngine on<br />
<br />
RewriteMap   lowercase  int:tolower<br />
<br />
# define the map file<br />
RewriteMap   vhost      txt:/www/conf/vhost.map<br />
<br />
# deal with aliases as above<br />
RewriteCond  %{REQUEST_URI}               !^/icons/<br />
RewriteCond  %{REQUEST_URI}               !^/cgi-bin/<br />
RewriteCond  ${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}}  ^(.+)$<br />
# this does the file-based remap<br />
RewriteCond  ${vhost:%1}                  ^(/.*)$<br />
RewriteRule  ^/(.*)$                      %1/docs/$1<br />
<br />
RewriteCond  %{REQUEST_URI}               ^/cgi-bin/<br />
RewriteCond  ${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}}  ^(.+)$<br />
RewriteCond  ${vhost:%1}                  ^(/.*)$<br />
RewriteRule  ^/(.*)$                      %1/cgi-bin/$1 [T=application/x-httpd-cgi]
</code></p></div>

</div></div>
<div class="bottomlang">
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/vhosts/mass.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a> |
<a href="../ko/vhosts/mass.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean">&nbsp;ko&nbsp;</a> |
<a href="../tr/vhosts/mass.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="T�rk�e">&nbsp;tr&nbsp;</a></p>
</div><div id="footer">
<p class="apache">Copyright 2009 The Apache Software Foundation.<br />Licensed under the <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License, Version 2.0</a>.</p>
<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="../faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p></div>
</body></html>