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-<p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="./faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
-<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.0</p>
-<img alt="" src="./images/feather.gif" /></div>
-<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="&lt;-" alt="&lt;-" src="./images/left.gif" /></a></div>
-<div id="path">
-<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> &gt; <a href="./">Version 2.0</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Glossary</h1>
-<div class="toplang">
-<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="./de/glossary.html" hreflang="de" rel="alternate" title="Deutsch">&nbsp;de&nbsp;</a> |
-<a href="./en/glossary.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a> |
-<a href="./es/glossary.html" hreflang="es" rel="alternate" title="Español">&nbsp;es&nbsp;</a> |
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-<a href="./tr/glossary.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe">&nbsp;tr&nbsp;</a></p>
-</div>
-
- <p>This glossary defines some of the common terminology related to Apache in
- particular, and web serving in general. More information on each concept
- is provided in the links.</p>
- </div>
-<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
-<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="definitions" id="definitions">Definitions</a></h2>
-
- <dl>
- <dt><a name="accesscontrol" id="accesscontrol">Access Control</a></dt>
- <dd>The restriction of access to network realms. In an Apache context
- usually the restriction of access to certain <em>URLs</em>.<br /> See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
- Control</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="algorithm" id="algorithm">Algorithm</a></dt>
-
- <dd>An unambiguous formula or set of rules for solving a problem in a finite
- number of steps. Algorithms for encryption are usually called
- <dfn>Ciphers</dfn>.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="apacheextensiontool" id="apacheextensiontool">APache
- eXtension Tool</a> <a name="apxs" id="apxs">(apxs)</a></dt>
- <dd>A perl script that aids in compiling <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#module">module</a> sources into Dynamic Shared Objects
- (<span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#dso">DSO</a>s) and helps install them in the
- Apache Web server.<br />
- See: Manual Page: <code class="program"><a href="./programs/apxs.html">apxs</a></code>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="authentication" id="authentication">Authentication</a></dt>
- <dd>The positive identification of a network entity such as a server, a
- client, or a user.<br />
- See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
- Control</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="certificate" id="certificate">Certificate</a></dt>
- <dd>A data record used for authenticating network entities such
- as a server or a client. A certificate contains X.509 information pieces
- about its owner (called the subject) and the signing <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a> (called
- the issuer), plus the owner's <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#publickey">public
- key</a> and the
- signature made by the CA. Network entities verify these signatures
- using CA certificates.<br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="certificatsigningrequest" id="certificatsigningrequest">Certificate Signing Request</a>
- <a name="csr" id="csr">(CSR)</a></dt>
- <dd>An unsigned <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#certificate">certificate</a> for
- submission to a <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority">Certification
- Authority</a>, which signs it with the <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#privatekey">Private Key</a> of their CA
- <em>Certificate</em>. Once the CSR is signed, it becomes a real
- certificate.<br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="certificationauthority" id="certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a>
- <a name="ca" id="ca">(CA)</a></dt>
- <dd>A trusted third party whose purpose is to sign certificates for network
- entities it has authenticated using secure means. Other network entities
- can check the signature to verify that a CA has authenticated the bearer
- of a certificate.<br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="cipher" id="cipher">Cipher</a></dt>
- <dd>An algorithm or system for data encryption. Examples are DES, IDEA, RC4,
- etc.<br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="ciphertext" id="ciphertext">Ciphertext</a></dt>
- <dd>The result after <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#plaintext">Plaintext</a> is
- passed through a <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#cipher">Cipher</a>.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="commongatewayinterface" id="commongatewayinterface">Common
- Gateway Interface</a> <a name="cgi" id="cgi">(CGI)</a></dt>
- <dd>A standard definition for an interface between a web server and an
- external program that allows the external program to service requests.
- The interface was originally defined by <a href="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/overview.html">NCSA</a> but there
- is also an <a href="http://cgi-spec.golux.com/">RFC project</a>.<br />
- See: <a href="howto/cgi.html">Dynamic Content with CGI</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="configurationdirective" id="configurationdirective">Configuration Directive</a></dt>
- <dd>See: <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#directive">Directive</a></dd>
-
- <dt><a name="configurationfile" id="configurationfile">Configuration
- File</a></dt>
- <dd>A text file containing <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#directive">Directives</a>
- that control the configuration of Apache.<br />
- See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="connect" id="connect">CONNECT</a></dt>
- <dd>An HTTP <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#method">method</a> for proxying raw data
- channels over HTTP. It can be used to encapsulate other protocols, such as
- the SSL protocol.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="context" id="context">Context</a></dt>
- <dd>An area in the <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#configurationfile">configuration
- files</a> where certain types of <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#directive">directives</a> are allowed.<br />
- See: <a href="mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Terms Used to Describe
- Apache Directives</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="digitalsignature" id="digitalsignature">Digital
- Signature</a></dt>
- <dd>An encrypted text block that validates a certificate or other file. A
- <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a>
- creates a signature by generating a hash of the <em>Public Key</em>
- embedded in a <em>Certificate</em>, then encrypting the hash with its own
- <em>Private Key</em>. Only the CA's public key can decrypt the signature,
- verifying that the CA has authenticated the network entity that owns the
- <em>Certificate</em>.<br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="directive" id="directive">Directive</a></dt>
- <dd>A configuration command that controls one or more aspects of Apache's
- behavior. Directives are placed in the <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#configurationfile">Configuration File</a><br />
- See: <a href="mod/directives.html">Directive Index</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="dynamicsharedobject" id="dynamicsharedobject">Dynamic
- Shared Object</a> <a name="dso" id="dso">(DSO)</a></dt>
- <dd><span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#module">Modules</a> compiled separately from the
- Apache <code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> binary that can be loaded on-demand.<br />
- See: <a href="dso.html">Dynamic Shared Object Support</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="environmentvariable" id="environmentvariable">Environment
- Variable</a> <a name="env-variable" id="env-variable">(env-variable)</a></dt>
- <dd>Named variables managed by the operating system shell and used to store
- information and communicate between programs. Apache also contains
- internal variables that are referred to as environment variables, but are
- stored in internal Apache structures, rather than in the shell
- environment.<br />
- See: <a href="env.html">Environment Variables in Apache</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="export-crippled" id="export-crippled">Export-Crippled</a></dt>
- <dd>Diminished in cryptographic strength (and security) in order to comply
- with the United States' Export Administration Regulations (EAR).
- Export-crippled cryptographic software is limited to a small key size,
- resulting in <em>Ciphertext</em> which usually can be decrypted by brute
- force.<br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="filter" id="filter">Filter</a></dt>
- <dd>A process that is applied to data that is sent or received by the
- server. Input filters process data sent by the client to the server,
- while output filters process documents on the server before they are sent
- to the client. For example, the <code>INCLUDES</code> output filter
- processes documents for <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#ssi">Server Side
- Includes</a>.<br />
- See: <a href="filter.html">Filters</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="fully-qualifieddomain-name" id="fully-qualifieddomain-name">Fully-Qualified Domain-Name</a>
- <a name="fqdn" id="fqdn">(FQDN)</a></dt>
- <dd>The unique name of a network entity, consisting of a hostname and a
- domain name that can resolve to an IP address. For example,
- <code>www</code> is a hostname, <code>example.com</code> is a domain name,
- and <code>www.example.com</code> is a fully-qualified domain name.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="handler" id="handler">Handler</a></dt>
- <dd>An internal Apache representation of the action to be performed when a
- file is called. Generally, files have implicit handlers, based on the file
- type. Normally, all files are simply served by the server, but certain
- file types are "handled" separately. For example, the
- <code>cgi-script</code> handler designates files to be processed as
- <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#cgi">CGIs</a>.<br />
- See: <a href="handler.html">Apache's Handler Use</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="hash" id="hash">Hash</a></dt>
- <dd>A mathematical one-way, irreversable algorithm generating a string with
- fixed-length from another string of any length. Different input strings
- will usually produce different hashes (depending on the hash function).
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="header" id="header">Header</a></dt>
- <dd>The part of the <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#http">HTTP</a> request and
- response that is sent before the actual content, and that contains
- meta-information describing the content.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="htaccess" id="htaccess">.htaccess</a></dt>
- <dd>A <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#configurationfile">configuration file</a> that
- is placed inside the web tree and applies configuration <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#directive">directives</a> to the directory where it is
- placed and all sub-directories. Despite its name, this file can hold
- almost any type of directive, not just access-control directives.<br />
- See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="httpd.conf" id="httpd.conf">httpd.conf</a></dt>
- <dd>The main Apache <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#configurationfile">configuration
- file</a>. The default location is
- <code>/usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf</code>, but it may be moved using
- run-time or compile-time configuration.<br />
- See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="hypertexttransferprotocol" id="hypertexttransferprotocol">HyperText Transfer Protocol</a>
- <a name="http" id="hhtp">(HTTP)</a></dt>
- <dd>The standard transmission protocol used on the World Wide Web. Apache
- implements version 1.1 of the protocol, referred to as HTTP/1.1 and
- defined by <a href="http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt">RFC 2616</a>.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="https" id="https">HTTPS</a></dt>
- <dd>The HyperText Transfer Protocol (Secure), the standard encrypted
- communication mechanism on the World Wide Web. This is actually just HTTP
- over <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#ssl">SSL</a>.<br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="method" id="method">Method</a></dt>
- <dd>In the context of <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#http">HTTP</a>, an action to
- perform on a resource, specified on the request line by the client. Some
- of the methods available in HTTP are <code>GET</code>, <code>POST</code>,
- and <code>PUT</code>.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="messagedigest" id="messagedigest">Message Digest</a></dt>
- <dd>A hash of a message, which can be used to verify that the contents of
- the message have not been altered in transit.<br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="mime-type" id="mime-type">MIME-type</a></dt>
- <dd>A way to describe the kind of document being transmitted. Its name
- comes from that fact that its format is borrowed from the Multipurpose
- Internet Mail Extensions. It consists of a major type and a minor type,
- separated by a slash. Some examples are <code>text/html</code>,
- <code>image/gif</code>, and <code>application/octet-stream</code>. In
- HTTP, the MIME-type is transmitted in the <code>Content-Type</code>
- <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#header">header</a>.<br />
- See: <a href="mod/mod_mime.html">mod_mime</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="module" id="module">Module</a></dt>
- <dd>An independent part of a program. Much of Apache's functionality is
- contained in modules that you can choose to include or exclude. Modules
- that are compiled into the Apache <code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> binary are
- called <dfn>static modules</dfn>, while modules that are stored
- separately and can be optionally loaded at run-time are called
- <dfn>dynamic modules</dfn> or <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#dso">DSOs</a>.
- Modules that are included by default
- are called <dfn>base modules</dfn>. Many modules are available for Apache
- that are not distributed as part of the Apache HTTP Server <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#tarball">tarball</a>. These are referred to as
- <dfn>third-party modules</dfn>.<br />
- See: <a href="mod/">Module Index</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="modulemagicnumber" id="modulemagicnumber">Module Magic
- Number</a> (<a name="mmn" id="mmn">MMN</a>)</dt>
- <dd>Module Magic Number is a constant defined in the Apache source code that
- is associated with binary compatibility of modules. It is changed when
- internal Apache structures, function calls and other significant parts of
- API change in such a way that binary compatibility cannot be guaranteed
- any more. On MMN change, all third party modules have to be at least
- recompiled, sometimes even slightly changed in order to work with the new
- version of Apache.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="openssl" id="openssl">OpenSSL</a></dt>
- <dd>The Open Source toolkit for SSL/TLS<br />
- See <a href="http://www.openssl.org/">http://www.openssl.org/</a>#
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="passphrase" id="passphrase">Pass Phrase</a></dt>
- <dd>The word or phrase that protects private key files. It prevents
- unauthorized users from encrypting them. Usually it's just the secret
- encryption/decryption key used for <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#cipher">Ciphers</a>.<br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="plaintext" id="plaintext">Plaintext</a></dt>
- <dd>The unencrypted text.</dd>
-
- <dt><a name="privatekey" id="privatekey">Private Key</a></dt>
- <dd>The secret key in a <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#publickeycryptography">Public Key
- Cryptography</a> system, used to decrypt incoming messages and
- sign outgoing ones.<br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="proxy" id="proxy">Proxy</a></dt>
- <dd>An intermediate server that sits between the client and the <em>origin
- server</em>. It accepts requests from clients, transmits those requests
- on to the origin server, and then returns the response from the origin
- server to the client. If several clients request the same content, the
- proxy can deliver that content from its cache, rather than requesting it
- from the origin server each time, thereby reducing response time.<br />
- See: <a href="mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="publickey" id="publickey">Public Key</a></dt>
- <dd>The publicly available key in a <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#publickeycryptography">Public Key Cryptography</a> system,
- used to encrypt messages bound for its owner and to decrypt signatures
- made by its owner.<br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="publickeycryptography" id="publickeycryptography">Public Key Cryptography</a></dt>
- <dd>The study and application of asymmetric encryption systems, which use
- one key for encryption and another for decryption. A corresponding pair of
- such keys constitutes a key pair. Also called Asymmetric Cryptography.
- <br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="regularexpresion" id="regularexpresion">Regular Expression</a>
- <a name="regex" id="regex">(Regex)</a></dt>
- <dd>A way of describing a pattern in text - for example, "all the words that
- begin with the letter A" or "every 10-digit phone number" or even "Every
- sentence with two commas in it, and no capital letter Q". Regular
- expressions are useful in Apache because they let you apply certain
- attributes against collections of files or resources in very flexible ways
- - for example, all .gif and .jpg files under any "images" directory could
- be written as "<code>/images/.*(jpg|gif)$</code>". Apache uses Perl
- Compatible Regular Expressions provided by the <a href="http://www.pcre.org/">PCRE</a> library.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="reverseproxy" id="reverseproxy">Reverse Proxy</a></dt>
- <dd>A <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#proxy">proxy</a> server that appears to the client
- as if it is an <em>origin server</em>. This is useful to hide the real
- origin server from the client for security reasons, or to load balance.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="securesocketslayer" id="securesocketslayer">Secure Sockets
- Layer</a> <a name="ssl" id="ssl">(SSL)</a></dt>
- <dd>A protocol created by Netscape Communications Corporation for general
- communication authentication and encryption over TCP/IP networks. The most
- popular usage is <em>HTTPS</em>, i.e. the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
- over SSL.<br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="serversideincludes" id="serversideincludes">Server Side
- Includes</a> <a name="ssi" id="ssi">(SSI)</a></dt>
- <dd>A technique for embedding processing directives inside HTML files.<br />
- See: <a href="howto/ssi.html">Introduction to Server Side Includes</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="session" id="session">Session</a></dt>
- <dd>The context information of a communication in general.</dd>
-
- <dt><a name="ssleay" id="ssleay">SSLeay</a></dt>
- <dd>The original SSL/TLS implementation library developed by Eric A.
- Young
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="symmetriccryptophraphy" id="symmetriccryptophraphy">Symmetric
- Cryptography</a></dt>
- <dd>The study and application of <em>Ciphers</em> that use a single secret key
- for both encryption and decryption operations.<br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="tarball" id="tarball">Tarball</a></dt>
- <dd>A package of files gathered together using the <code>tar</code> utility.
- Apache distributions are stored in compressed tar archives or using
- pkzip.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="transportlayersecurity" id="transportlayersecurity">Transport
- Layer Security</a> <a name="tls" id="tls">(TLS)</a></dt>
- <dd>The successor protocol to SSL, created by the Internet Engineering Task
- Force (IETF) for general communication authentication and encryption over
- TCP/IP networks. TLS version 1 is nearly identical with SSL version 3.<br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="uniformresourcelocator" id="uniformresourcelocator">Uniform
- Resource Locator</a> <a name="url" id="url">(URL)</a></dt>
- <dd>The name/address of a resource on the Internet. This is the common
- informal term for what is formally called a <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#uniformresourceidentifier">Uniform Resource Identifier</a>.
- URLs are usually made up of a scheme, like <code>http</code> or
- <code>https</code>, a hostname, and a path. A URL for this page is
- <code>http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/glossary.html</code>.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="uniformresourceidentifier" id="uniformresourceidentifier">Uniform Resource Identifier</a>
- <a name="URI" id="URI">(URI)</a></dt>
- <dd>A compact string of characters for identifying an abstract or physical
- resource. It is formally defined by <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC 2396</a>. URIs used on the
- world-wide web are commonly referred to as <span title="see glossary">&#8594;</span>&nbsp;<a href="./glossary.html#url">URLs</a>.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="virtualhosting" id="virtualhosting">Virtual Hosting</a></dt>
- <dd>Serving multiple websites using a single instance of Apache. <em>IP
- virtual hosting</em> differentiates between websites based on their IP
- address, while <em>name-based virtual hosting</em> uses only the name of the
- host and can therefore host many sites on the same IP address.<br />
- See: <a href="vhosts/">Apache Virtual Host documentation</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="x.509" id="x.509">X.509</a></dt>
- <dd>An authentication certificate scheme recommended by the International
- Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) which is used for SSL/TLS authentication.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-</dl>
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