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-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><!--
- XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
- This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT
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- -->
-<title>Dynamically Configured Mass Virtual Hosting - Apache HTTP Server</title>
-<link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" />
-<link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" />
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-<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header">
-<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="../faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
-<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.0</p>
-<img alt="" src="../images/feather.gif" /></div>
-<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="&lt;-" alt="&lt;-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
-<div id="path">
-<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> &gt; <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> &gt; <a href="../">Version 2.0</a> &gt; <a href="./">Virtual Hosts</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Dynamically Configured Mass Virtual Hosting</h1>
-<div class="toplang">
-<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/vhosts/mass.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a> |
-<a href="../ko/vhosts/mass.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean">&nbsp;ko&nbsp;</a> |
-<a href="../tr/vhosts/mass.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe">&nbsp;tr&nbsp;</a></p>
-</div>
-
-
- <p>This document describes how to efficiently serve an
- arbitrary number of virtual hosts with the Apache httpd webserver.
- </p>
-
-</div>
-<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#motivation">Motivation</a></li>
-<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#overview">Overview</a></li>
-<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#simple">Simple Dynamic Virtual Hosts</a></li>
-<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#homepages">A Virtually Hosted Homepages System</a></li>
-<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#combinations">Using Multiple Virtual
- Hosting Systems on the Same Server</a></li>
-<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#ipbased">More Efficient IP-Based Virtual Hosting</a></li>
-<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#simple.rewrite">Simple Dynamic
- Virtual Hosts Using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code></a></li>
-<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#homepages.rewrite">A
- Homepages System Using <code>mod_rewrite</code></a></li>
-<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#xtra-conf">Using a Separate Virtual
- Host Configuration File</a></li>
-</ul></div>
-<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
-<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="motivation" id="motivation">Motivation</a></h2>
-
- <p>The techniques described here are of interest if your
- <code>httpd.conf</code> contains many
- <code>&lt;VirtualHost&gt;</code> sections that are
- substantially the same, for example:</p>
-
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-NameVirtualHost 111.22.33.44<br />
-&lt;VirtualHost 111.22.33.44&gt;<br />
-<span class="indent">
- ServerName www.customer-1.com<br />
- DocumentRoot /www/hosts/www.customer-1.com/docs<br />
- ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /www/hosts/www.customer-1.com/cgi-bin<br />
-</span>
-&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;<br />
-&lt;VirtualHost 111.22.33.44&gt;<br />
-<span class="indent">
- ServerName www.customer-2.com<br />
- DocumentRoot /www/hosts/www.customer-2.com/docs<br />
- ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /www/hosts/www.customer-2.com/cgi-bin<br />
-</span>
-&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;<br />
-# blah blah blah<br />
-&lt;VirtualHost 111.22.33.44&gt;<br />
-<span class="indent">
- ServerName www.customer-N.com<br />
- DocumentRoot /www/hosts/www.customer-N.com/docs<br />
- ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /www/hosts/www.customer-N.com/cgi-bin<br />
-</span>
-&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;
-</code></p></div>
-
- <p>The basic idea is to replace all of the static
- <code>&lt;VirtualHost&gt;</code> configurations with a mechanism
- that works them out dynamically. This has a number of
- advantages:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>Your configuration file is smaller, so Apache starts
- more quickly and uses less memory.</li>
-
- <li>Adding virtual hosts is simply a matter of creating the
- appropriate directories in the filesystem and entries in the
- DNS - you don't need to reconfigure or restart Apache.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>The main disadvantage is that you cannot have a different log file for
- each virtual host; however, if you have many virtual hosts, doing
- this can be a bad idea anyway, because of the number of file
- descriptors needed. It is better to log to a pipe or a fifo, and arrange for
- the process at the other end to distribute the logs to the customers.
- (This can also be used to accumulate statistics, etc.).</p>
-
-</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
-<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="overview" id="overview">Overview</a></h2>
-
- <p>A virtual host is defined by two pieces of information: its
- IP address, and the contents of the <code>Host:</code> header
- in the HTTP request. The dynamic mass virtual hosting technique
- used here is based on automatically inserting this information into the
- pathname of the file that is used to satisfy the request. This
- can be most easily done by using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_vhost_alias.html">mod_vhost_alias</a></code>
- with Apache 2.0. Alternatively, <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> can be used.
- Both of these modules are disabled by default; you must enable
- one of them when configuring and building Apache if you want to
- use this technique.</p>
-
- <p>A couple of things need to be `faked' to make the dynamic
- virtual host look like a normal one. The most important is the
- server name, which is used by Apache to generate
- self-referential URLs etc. It is configured with the
- <code>ServerName</code> directive, and it is available to CGIs
- via the <code>SERVER_NAME</code> environment variable. The
- actual value used at run time is controlled by the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#usecanonicalname">UseCanonicalName</a></code>
- setting. With <code>UseCanonicalName Off</code>, the server name
- is taken from the contents of the <code>Host:</code> header in the
- request. With <code>UseCanonicalName DNS</code>, it is taken from a
- reverse DNS lookup of the virtual host's IP address. The former
- setting is used for name-based dynamic virtual hosting, and the
- latter is used for IP-based hosting. If Apache cannot work out
- the server name because there is no <code>Host:</code> header,
- or the DNS lookup fails, then the value configured with
- <code>ServerName</code> is used instead.</p>
-
- <p>The other thing to `fake' is the document root (configured
- with <code>DocumentRoot</code> and available to CGIs via the
- <code>DOCUMENT_ROOT</code> environment variable). In a normal
- configuration, this is used by the core module when
- mapping URIs to filenames, but when the server is configured to
- do dynamic virtual hosting, that job must be taken over by another
- module (either <code>mod_vhost_alias</code> or
- <code>mod_rewrite</code>), which has a different way of doing
- the mapping. Neither of these modules is responsible for
- setting the <code>DOCUMENT_ROOT</code> environment variable so
- if any CGIs or SSI documents make use of it, they will get a
- misleading value.</p>
-
-</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
-<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="simple" id="simple">Simple Dynamic Virtual Hosts</a></h2>
-
- <p>This extract from <code>httpd.conf</code> implements the
- virtual host arrangement outlined in the <a href="#motivation">Motivation</a> section above, but in a
- generic fashion using <code>mod_vhost_alias</code>.</p>
-
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-# get the server name from the Host: header<br />
-UseCanonicalName Off<br />
-<br />
-# this log format can be split per-virtual-host based on the first field<br />
-LogFormat "%V %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b" vcommon<br />
-CustomLog logs/access_log vcommon<br />
-<br />
-# include the server name in the filenames used to satisfy requests<br />
-VirtualDocumentRoot /www/hosts/%0/docs<br />
-VirtualScriptAlias /www/hosts/%0/cgi-bin
-</code></p></div>
-
- <p>This configuration can be changed into an IP-based virtual
- hosting solution by just turning <code>UseCanonicalName
- Off</code> into <code>UseCanonicalName DNS</code>. The server
- name that is inserted into the filename is then derived from
- the IP address of the virtual host.</p>
-
-</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
-<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="homepages" id="homepages">A Virtually Hosted Homepages System</a></h2>
-
- <p>This is an adjustment of the above system, tailored for an
- ISP's homepages server. Using a slightly more complicated
- configuration, we can select substrings of the server name to
- use in the filename so that, for example, the documents for
- <code>www.user.isp.com</code> are found in
- <code>/home/user/</code>. It uses a single <code>cgi-bin</code>
- directory instead of one per virtual host.</p>
-
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-# all the preliminary stuff is the same as above, then<br />
-<br />
-# include part of the server name in the filenames<br />
-VirtualDocumentRoot /www/hosts/%2/docs<br />
-<br />
-# single cgi-bin directory<br />
-ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /www/std-cgi/<br />
-</code></p></div>
-
- <p>There are examples of more complicated
- <code>VirtualDocumentRoot</code> settings in the
- <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_vhost_alias.html">mod_vhost_alias</a></code> documentation.</p>
-
-</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
-<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="combinations" id="combinations">Using Multiple Virtual
- Hosting Systems on the Same Server</a></h2>
-
- <p>With more complicated setups, you can use Apache's normal
- <code>&lt;VirtualHost&gt;</code> directives to control the
- scope of the various virtual hosting configurations. For
- example, you could have one IP address for general customers' homepages,
- and another for commercial customers, with the following setup.
- This can, of course, be combined with conventional
- <code>&lt;VirtualHost&gt;</code> configuration sections.</p>
-
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-UseCanonicalName Off<br />
-<br />
-LogFormat "%V %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b" vcommon<br />
-<br />
-&lt;Directory /www/commercial&gt;<br />
-<span class="indent">
- Options FollowSymLinks<br />
- AllowOverride All<br />
-</span>
-&lt;/Directory&gt;<br />
-<br />
-&lt;Directory /www/homepages&gt;<br />
-<span class="indent">
- Options FollowSymLinks<br />
- AllowOverride None<br />
-</span>
-&lt;/Directory&gt;<br />
-<br />
-&lt;VirtualHost 111.22.33.44&gt;<br />
-<span class="indent">
- ServerName www.commercial.isp.com<br />
- <br />
- CustomLog logs/access_log.commercial vcommon<br />
- <br />
- VirtualDocumentRoot /www/commercial/%0/docs<br />
- VirtualScriptAlias /www/commercial/%0/cgi-bin<br />
-</span>
-&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;<br />
-<br />
-&lt;VirtualHost 111.22.33.45&gt;<br />
-<span class="indent">
- ServerName www.homepages.isp.com<br />
- <br />
- CustomLog logs/access_log.homepages vcommon<br />
- <br />
- VirtualDocumentRoot /www/homepages/%0/docs<br />
- ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /www/std-cgi/<br />
-</span>
-&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;
-</code></p></div>
-
-</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
-<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="ipbased" id="ipbased">More Efficient IP-Based Virtual Hosting</a></h2>
-
- <p>The configuration changes suggested to turn <a href="#simple">the first
- example</a> into an IP-based virtual hosting setup result in
- a rather inefficient setup. A new DNS lookup is required for every
- request. To avoid this overhead, the filesystem can be arranged to
- correspond to the IP addresses, instead of to the host names, thereby
- negating the need for a DNS lookup. Logging will also have to be adjusted
- to fit this system.</p>
-
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-# get the server name from the reverse DNS of the IP address<br />
-UseCanonicalName DNS<br />
-<br />
-# include the IP address in the logs so they may be split<br />
-LogFormat "%A %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b" vcommon<br />
-CustomLog logs/access_log vcommon<br />
-<br />
-# include the IP address in the filenames<br />
-VirtualDocumentRootIP /www/hosts/%0/docs<br />
-VirtualScriptAliasIP /www/hosts/%0/cgi-bin<br />
-</code></p></div>
-
-</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
-<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="simple.rewrite" id="simple.rewrite">Simple Dynamic
- Virtual Hosts Using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code></a></h2>
-
- <p>This extract from <code>httpd.conf</code> does the same
- thing as <a href="#simple">the first example</a>. The first
- half is very similar to the corresponding part above, except for
- some changes, required for backward compatibility and to make the
- <code>mod_rewrite</code> part work properly; the second half
- configures <code>mod_rewrite</code> to do the actual work.</p>
-
- <p>There are a couple of especially tricky bits: by default,
- <code>mod_rewrite</code> runs before other URI translation
- modules (<code>mod_alias</code> etc.) - so if you wish to use these modules, <code>mod_rewrite</code> must be configured to accommodate
- them. Also, some magic is required to do a
- per-dynamic-virtual-host equivalent of
- <code>ScriptAlias</code>.</p>
-
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-# get the server name from the Host: header<br />
-UseCanonicalName Off<br />
-<br />
-# splittable logs<br />
-LogFormat "%{Host}i %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b" vcommon<br />
-CustomLog logs/access_log vcommon<br />
-<br />
-&lt;Directory /www/hosts&gt;<br />
-<span class="indent">
- # ExecCGI is needed here because we can't force<br />
- # CGI execution in the way that ScriptAlias does<br />
- Options FollowSymLinks ExecCGI<br />
-</span>
-&lt;/Directory&gt;<br />
-<br />
-# now for the hard bit<br />
-<br />
-RewriteEngine On<br />
-<br />
-# a ServerName derived from a Host: header may be any case at all<br />
-RewriteMap lowercase int:tolower<br />
-<br />
-## deal with normal documents first:<br />
-# allow Alias /icons/ to work - repeat for other aliases<br />
-RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/icons/<br />
-# allow CGIs to work<br />
-RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/cgi-bin/<br />
-# do the magic<br />
-RewriteRule ^/(.*)$ /www/hosts/${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}}/docs/$1<br />
-<br />
-## and now deal with CGIs - we have to force a MIME type<br />
-RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/cgi-bin/<br />
-RewriteRule ^/(.*)$ /www/hosts/${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}}/cgi-bin/$1 [T=application/x-httpd-cgi]<br />
-<br />
-# that's it!
-</code></p></div>
-
-</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
-<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="homepages.rewrite" id="homepages.rewrite">A
- Homepages System Using <code>mod_rewrite</code></a></h2>
-
- <p>This does the same thing as <a href="#homepages">the second
- example</a>.</p>
-
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-RewriteEngine on<br />
-<br />
-RewriteMap lowercase int:tolower<br />
-<br />
-# allow CGIs to work<br />
-RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/cgi-bin/<br />
-<br />
-# check the hostname is right so that the RewriteRule works<br />
-RewriteCond ${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}} ^www\.[a-z-]+\.isp\.com$<br />
-<br />
-# concatenate the virtual host name onto the start of the URI<br />
-# the [C] means do the next rewrite on the result of this one<br />
-RewriteRule ^(.+) ${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}}$1 [C]<br />
-<br />
-# now create the real file name<br />
-RewriteRule ^www\.([a-z-]+)\.isp\.com/(.*) /home/$1/$2<br />
-<br />
-# define the global CGI directory<br />
-ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /www/std-cgi/
-</code></p></div>
-
-</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
-<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="xtra-conf" id="xtra-conf">Using a Separate Virtual
- Host Configuration File</a></h2>
-
- <p>This arrangement uses more advanced <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>
- features to work out the translation from virtual host to document
- root, from a separate configuration file. This provides more
- flexibility, but requires more complicated configuration.</p>
-
- <p>The <code>vhost.map</code> file should look something like
- this:</p>
-
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-www.customer-1.com /www/customers/1<br />
-www.customer-2.com /www/customers/2<br />
-# ...<br />
-www.customer-N.com /www/customers/N<br />
-</code></p></div>
-
- <p>The <code>httpd.conf</code> should contain the following:</p>
-
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-RewriteEngine on<br />
-<br />
-RewriteMap lowercase int:tolower<br />
-<br />
-# define the map file<br />
-RewriteMap vhost txt:/www/conf/vhost.map<br />
-<br />
-# deal with aliases as above<br />
-RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/icons/<br />
-RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/cgi-bin/<br />
-RewriteCond ${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}} ^(.+)$<br />
-# this does the file-based remap<br />
-RewriteCond ${vhost:%1} ^(/.*)$<br />
-RewriteRule ^/(.*)$ %1/docs/$1<br />
-<br />
-RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/cgi-bin/<br />
-RewriteCond ${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}} ^(.+)$<br />
-RewriteCond ${vhost:%1} ^(/.*)$<br />
-RewriteRule ^/(.*)$ %1/cgi-bin/$1 [T=application/x-httpd-cgi]
-</code></p></div>
-
-</div></div>
-<div class="bottomlang">
-<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/vhosts/mass.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a> |
-<a href="../ko/vhosts/mass.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean">&nbsp;ko&nbsp;</a> |
-<a href="../tr/vhosts/mass.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe">&nbsp;tr&nbsp;</a></p>
-</div><div id="footer">
-<p class="apache">Copyright 2009 The Apache Software Foundation.<br />Licensed under the <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License, Version 2.0</a>.</p>
-<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="../faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p></div>
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