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diff --git a/rubbos/app/apache2/manual/howto/auth.html.en b/rubbos/app/apache2/manual/howto/auth.html.en deleted file mode 100644 index f410577f..00000000 --- a/rubbos/app/apache2/manual/howto/auth.html.en +++ /dev/null @@ -1,355 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><!-- - XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX - This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT - XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX - --> -<title>Authentication, Authorization and Access Control - Apache HTTP Server</title> -<link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" /> -<link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" /> -<link href="../style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /> -<link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head> -<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header"> -<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="../faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p> -<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.0</p> -<img alt="" src="../images/feather.gif" /></div> -<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div> -<div id="path"> -<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.0</a> > <a href="./">How-To / Tutorials</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Authentication, Authorization and Access Control</h1> -<div class="toplang"> -<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/howto/auth.html" title="English"> en </a> | -<a href="../es/howto/auth.html" hreflang="es" rel="alternate" title="Espaņol"> es </a> | -<a href="../ja/howto/auth.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> | -<a href="../ko/howto/auth.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a></p> -</div> - - <p>Authentication is any process by which you verify that - someone is who they claim they are. Authorization is any - process by which someone is allowed to be where they want to - go, or to have information that they want to have.</p> -</div> -<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#related">Related Modules and Directives</a></li> -<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li> -<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#theprerequisites">The Prerequisites</a></li> -<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#gettingitworking">Getting it working</a></li> -<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#lettingmorethanonepersonin">Letting more than one -person in</a></li> -<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#possibleproblems">Possible problems</a></li> -<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#whatotherneatstuffcanido">What other neat stuff can I -do?</a></li> -<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#moreinformation">More information</a></li> -</ul></div> -<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> -<div class="section"> -<h2><a name="related" id="related">Related Modules and Directives</a></h2> - <table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_auth.html">mod_auth</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html">mod_access</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html#allow">Allow</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_auth.html#authgroupfile">AuthGroupFile</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#authname">AuthName</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#authtype">AuthType</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_auth.html#authuserfile">AuthUserFile</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html#deny">Deny</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#require">Require</a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table> -</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> -<div class="section"> -<h2><a name="introduction" id="introduction">Introduction</a></h2> - <p>If you have information on your web site that is sensitive - or intended for only a small group of people, the techniques in - this article will help you make sure that the people that see - those pages are the people that you wanted to see them.</p> - - <p>This article covers the "standard" way of protecting parts - of your web site that most of you are going to use.</p> -</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> -<div class="section"> -<h2><a name="theprerequisites" id="theprerequisites">The Prerequisites</a></h2> - <p>The directives discussed in this article will need to go - either in your main server configuration file (typically in a - <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> section), or - in per-directory configuration files (<code>.htaccess</code> files).</p> - - <p>If you plan to use <code>.htaccess</code> files, you will - need to have a server configuration that permits putting - authentication directives in these files. This is done with the - <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> directive, which - specifies which directives, if any, may be put in per-directory - configuration files.</p> - - <p>Since we're talking here about authentication, you will need - an <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> directive like the - following:</p> - - <div class="example"><p><code> - AllowOverride AuthConfig - </code></p></div> - - <p>Or, if you are just going to put the directives directly in - your main server configuration file, you will of course need to - have write permission to that file.</p> - - <p>And you'll need to know a little bit about the directory - structure of your server, in order to know where some files are - kept. This should not be terribly difficult, and I'll try to - make this clear when we come to that point.</p> -</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> -<div class="section"> -<h2><a name="gettingitworking" id="gettingitworking">Getting it working</a></h2> - <p>Here's the basics of password protecting a directory on your - server.</p> - - <p>You'll need to create a password file. This file should be - placed somewhere not accessible from the web. This is so that - folks cannot download the password file. For example, if your - documents are served out of <code>/usr/local/apache/htdocs</code> you - might want to put the password file(s) in - <code>/usr/local/apache/passwd</code>.</p> - - <p>To create the file, use the <code class="program"><a href="../programs/htpasswd.html">htpasswd</a></code> utility that - came with Apache. This will be located in the <code>bin</code> directory - of wherever you installed Apache. To create the file, type:</p> - - <div class="example"><p><code> - htpasswd -c /usr/local/apache/passwd/passwords rbowen - </code></p></div> - - <p><code class="program"><a href="../programs/htpasswd.html">htpasswd</a></code> will ask you for the password, and - then ask you to type it again to confirm it:</p> - - <div class="example"><p><code> - # htpasswd -c /usr/local/apache/passwd/passwords rbowen<br /> - New password: mypassword<br /> - Re-type new password: mypassword<br /> - Adding password for user rbowen - </code></p></div> - - <p>If <code class="program"><a href="../programs/htpasswd.html">htpasswd</a></code> is not in your path, of course - you'll have to type the full path to the file to get it to run. - On my server, it's located at - <code>/usr/local/apache/bin/htpasswd</code></p> - - <p>Next, you'll need to configure the server to request a - password and tell the server which users are allowed access. - You can do this either by editing the <code>httpd.conf</code> - file or using an <code>.htaccess</code> file. For example, if - you wish to protect the directory - <code>/usr/local/apache/htdocs/secret</code>, you can use the - following directives, either placed in the file - <code>/usr/local/apache/htdocs/secret/.htaccess</code>, or - placed in <code>httpd.conf</code> inside a <Directory - /usr/local/apache/apache/htdocs/secret> section.</p> - - <div class="example"><p><code> - AuthType Basic<br /> - AuthName "Restricted Files"<br /> - AuthUserFile /usr/local/apache/passwd/passwords<br /> - Require user rbowen - </code></p></div> - - <p>Let's examine each of those directives individually. The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#authtype">AuthType</a></code> directive selects - that method that is used to authenticate the user. The most - common method is <code>Basic</code>, and this is the method - implemented by <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_auth.html">mod_auth</a></code>. It is important to be aware, - however, that Basic authentication sends the password from the client to - the browser unencrypted. This method should therefore not be used for - highly sensitive data. Apache supports one other authentication method: - <code>AuthType Digest</code>. This method is implemented by <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_auth_digest.html">mod_auth_digest</a></code> and is much more secure. Only the most recent - versions of clients are known to support Digest authentication.</p> - - <p>The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#authname">AuthName</a></code> directive sets - the <dfn>Realm</dfn> to be used in the authentication. The realm serves - two major functions. First, the client often presents this information to - the user as part of the password dialog box. Second, it is used by the - client to determine what password to send for a given authenticated - area.</p> - - <p>So, for example, once a client has authenticated in the - <code>"Restricted Files"</code> area, it will automatically - retry the same password for any area on the same server that is - marked with the <code>"Restricted Files"</code> Realm. - Therefore, you can prevent a user from being prompted more than - once for a password by letting multiple restricted areas share - the same realm. Of course, for security reasons, the client - will always need to ask again for the password whenever the - hostname of the server changes.</p> - - <p>The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_auth.html#authuserfile">AuthUserFile</a></code> - directive sets the path to the password file that we just - created with <code class="program"><a href="../programs/htpasswd.html">htpasswd</a></code>. If you have a large number - of users, it can be quite slow to search through a plain text - file to authenticate the user on each request. Apache also has - the ability to store user information in fast database files. - The <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_auth_dbm.html">mod_auth_dbm</a></code> module provides the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_auth_dbm.html#authdbmuserfile">AuthDBMUserFile</a></code> directive. These - files can be created and manipulated with the <code class="program"><a href="../programs/dbmmanage.html">dbmmanage</a></code> program. Many - other types of authentication options are available from third - party modules in the <a href="http://modules.apache.org/">Apache Modules - Database</a>.</p> - - <p>Finally, the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#require">Require</a></code> - directive provides the authorization part of the process by - setting the user that is allowed to access this region of the - server. In the next section, we discuss various ways to use the - <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#require">Require</a></code> directive.</p> -</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> -<div class="section"> -<h2><a name="lettingmorethanonepersonin" id="lettingmorethanonepersonin">Letting more than one -person in</a></h2> - <p>The directives above only let one person (specifically - someone with a username of <code>rbowen</code>) into the - directory. In most cases, you'll want to let more than one - person in. This is where the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_auth.html#authgroupfile">AuthGroupFile</a></code> comes in.</p> - - <p>If you want to let more than one person in, you'll need to - create a group file that associates group names with a list of - users in that group. The format of this file is pretty simple, - and you can create it with your favorite editor. The contents - of the file will look like this:</p> - - <div class="example"><p><code> - GroupName: rbowen dpitts sungo rshersey - </code></p></div> - - <p>That's just a list of the members of the group in a long - line separated by spaces.</p> - - <p>To add a user to your already existing password file, - type:</p> - - <div class="example"><p><code> - htpasswd /usr/local/apache/passwd/passwords dpitts - </code></p></div> - - <p>You'll get the same response as before, but it will be - appended to the existing file, rather than creating a new file. - (It's the <code>-c</code> that makes it create a new password - file).</p> - - <p>Now, you need to modify your <code>.htaccess</code> file to - look like the following:</p> - - <div class="example"><p><code> - AuthType Basic<br /> - AuthName "By Invitation Only"<br /> - AuthUserFile /usr/local/apache/passwd/passwords<br /> - AuthGroupFile /usr/local/apache/passwd/groups<br /> - Require group GroupName - </code></p></div> - - <p>Now, anyone that is listed in the group <code>GroupName</code>, - and has an entry in the <code>password</code> file, will be let in, if - they type the correct password.</p> - - <p>There's another way to let multiple users in that is less - specific. Rather than creating a group file, you can just use - the following directive:</p> - - <div class="example"><p><code> - Require valid-user - </code></p></div> - - <p>Using that rather than the <code>Require user rbowen</code> - line will allow anyone in that is listed in the password file, - and who correctly enters their password. You can even emulate - the group behavior here, by just keeping a separate password - file for each group. The advantage of this approach is that - Apache only has to check one file, rather than two. The - disadvantage is that you have to maintain a bunch of password - files, and remember to reference the right one in the - <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_auth.html#authuserfile">AuthUserFile</a></code> directive.</p> -</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> -<div class="section"> -<h2><a name="possibleproblems" id="possibleproblems">Possible problems</a></h2> - <p>Because of the way that Basic authentication is specified, - your username and password must be verified every time you - request a document from the server. This is even if you're - reloading the same page, and for every image on the page (if - they come from a protected directory). As you can imagine, this - slows things down a little. The amount that it slows things - down is proportional to the size of the password file, because - it has to open up that file, and go down the list of users - until it gets to your name. And it has to do this every time a - page is loaded.</p> - - <p>A consequence of this is that there's a practical limit to - how many users you can put in one password file. This limit - will vary depending on the performance of your particular - server machine, but you can expect to see slowdowns once you - get above a few hundred entries, and may wish to consider a - different authentication method at that time.</p> -</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> -<div class="section"> -<h2><a name="whatotherneatstuffcanido" id="whatotherneatstuffcanido">What other neat stuff can I -do?</a></h2> - <p>Authentication by username and password is only part of the - story. Frequently you want to let people in based on something - other than who they are. Something such as where they are - coming from.</p> - - <p>The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html#allow">Allow</a></code> and - <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html#deny">Deny</a></code> directives let - you allow and deny access based on the host name, or host - address, of the machine requesting a document. The - <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html#order">Order</a></code> directive goes - hand-in-hand with these two, and tells Apache in which order to - apply the filters.</p> - - <p>The usage of these directives is:</p> - - <div class="example"><p><code> - Allow from <var>address</var> - </code></p></div> - - <p>where <var>address</var> is an IP address (or a partial IP - address) or a fully qualified domain name (or a partial domain - name); you may provide multiple addresses or domain names, if - desired.</p> - - <p>For example, if you have someone spamming your message - board, and you want to keep them out, you could do the - following:</p> - - <div class="example"><p><code> - Deny from 10.252.46.165 - </code></p></div> - - <p>Visitors coming from that address will not be able to see - the content covered by this directive. If, instead, you have a - machine name, rather than an IP address, you can use that.</p> - - <div class="example"><p><code> - Deny from <var>host.example.com</var> - </code></p></div> - - <p>And, if you'd like to block access from an entire domain, - you can specify just part of an address or domain name:</p> - - <div class="example"><p><code> - Deny from <var>192.168.205</var><br /> - Deny from <var>phishers.example.com</var> <var>moreidiots.example</var><br /> - Deny from ke - </code></p></div> - - <p>Using <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html#order">Order</a></code> will let you be - sure that you are actually restricting things to the group that you want - to let in, by combining a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html#deny">Deny</a></code> - and an <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html#allow">Allow</a></code> directive:</p> - - <div class="example"><p><code> - Order deny,allow<br /> - Deny from all<br /> - Allow from <var>dev.example.com</var> - </code></p></div> - - <p>Listing just the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html#allow">Allow</a></code> - directive would not do what you want, because it will let folks from that - host in, in addition to letting everyone in. What you want is to let - <em>only</em> those folks in.</p> -</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> -<div class="section"> -<h2><a name="moreinformation" id="moreinformation">More information</a></h2> - <p>You should also read the documentation for <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_auth.html">mod_auth</a></code> - and <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_access.html">mod_access</a></code> which contain some more information - about how this all works.</p> -</div></div> -<div class="bottomlang"> -<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/howto/auth.html" title="English"> en </a> | -<a href="../es/howto/auth.html" hreflang="es" rel="alternate" title="Espaņol"> es </a> | -<a href="../ja/howto/auth.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> | -<a href="../ko/howto/auth.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a></p> -</div><div id="footer"> -<p class="apache">Copyright 2009 The Apache Software Foundation.<br />Licensed under the <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License, Version 2.0</a>.</p> -<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="../faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p></div> -</body></html>
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