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+.. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
+.. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
+.. (c) OPNFV, Intel Corporation and others.
+
+DPDK Enhancements
+==================
+This section will discuss the Barometer features that were integrated with DPDK.
+
+Measuring Telco Traffic and Performance KPIs
+--------------------------------------------
+This section will discuss the Barometer features that enable Measuring Telco Traffic
+and Performance KPIs.
+
+.. Figure:: stats_and_timestamps.png
+
+ Measuring Telco Traffic and Performance KPIs
+
+* The very first thing Barometer enabled was a call-back API in DPDK and an
+ associated application that used the API to demonstrate how to timestamp
+ packets and measure packet latency in DPDK (the sample app is called
+ rxtx_callbacks). This was upstreamed to DPDK 2.0 and is represented by
+ the interfaces 1 and 2 in Figure 1.2.
+
+* The second thing Barometer implemented in DPDK is the extended NIC statistics API,
+ which exposes NIC stats including error stats to the DPDK user by reading the
+ registers on the NIC. This is represented by interface 3 in Figure 1.2.
+
+ * For DPDK 2.1 this API was only implemented for the ixgbe (10Gb) NIC driver,
+ in association with a sample application that runs as a DPDK secondary
+ process and retrieves the extended NIC stats.
+
+ * For DPDK 2.2 the API was implemented for igb, i40e and all the Virtual
+ Functions (VFs) for all drivers.
+
+ * For DPDK 16.07 the API migrated from using string value pairs to using id
+ value pairs, improving the overall performance of the API.
+
+Monitoring DPDK interfaces
+--------------------------
+With the features Barometer enabled in DPDK to enable measuring Telco traffic and
+performance KPIs, we can now retrieve NIC statistics including error stats and
+relay them to a DPDK user. The next step is to enable monitoring of the DPDK
+interfaces based on the stats that we are retrieving from the NICs, by relaying
+the information to a higher level Fault Management entity. To enable this Barometer
+has been enabling a number of plugins for collectd.
+
+DPDK Keep Alive description
+---------------------------
+SFQM aims to enable fault detection within DPDK, the very first feature to
+meet this goal is the DPDK Keep Alive Sample app that is part of DPDK 2.2.
+
+DPDK Keep Alive or KA is a sample application that acts as a heartbeat/watchdog
+for DPDK packet processing cores, to detect application thread failure. The
+application supports the detection of ‘failed’ DPDK cores and notification to a
+HA/SA middleware. The purpose is to detect Packet Processing Core fails (e.g.
+infinite loop) and ensure the failure of the core does not result in a fault
+that is not detectable by a management entity.
+
+.. Figure:: dpdk_ka.png
+
+ DPDK Keep Alive Sample Application
+
+Essentially the app demonstrates how to detect 'silent outages' on DPDK packet
+processing cores. The application can be decomposed into two specific parts:
+detection and notification.
+
+* The detection period is programmable/configurable but defaults to 5ms if no
+ timeout is specified.
+* The Notification support is enabled by simply having a hook function that where this
+ can be 'call back support' for a fault management application with a compliant
+ heartbeat mechanism.
+
+DPDK Keep Alive Sample App Internals
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+This section provides some explanation of the The Keep-Alive/'Liveliness'
+conceptual scheme as well as the DPDK Keep Alive App. The initialization and
+run-time paths are very similar to those of the L2 forwarding application (see
+`L2 Forwarding Sample Application (in Real and Virtualized Environments)`_ for more
+information).
+
+There are two types of cores: a Keep Alive Monitor Agent Core (master DPDK core)
+and Worker cores (Tx/Rx/Forwarding cores). The Keep Alive Monitor Agent Core
+will supervise worker cores and report any failure (2 successive missed pings).
+The Keep-Alive/'Liveliness' conceptual scheme is:
+
+* DPDK worker cores mark their liveliness as they forward traffic.
+* A Keep Alive Monitor Agent Core runs a function every N Milliseconds to
+ inspect worker core liveliness.
+* If keep-alive agent detects time-outs, it notifies the fault management
+ entity through a call-back function.
+
+**Note:** Only the worker cores state is monitored. There is no mechanism or agent
+to monitor the Keep Alive Monitor Agent Core.
+
+DPDK Keep Alive Sample App Code Internals
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+The following section provides some explanation of the code aspects that are
+specific to the Keep Alive sample application.
+
+The heartbeat functionality is initialized with a struct rte_heartbeat and the
+callback function to invoke in the case of a timeout.
+
+.. code:: c
+
+ rte_global_keepalive_info = rte_keepalive_create(&dead_core, NULL);
+ if (rte_global_hbeat_info == NULL)
+ rte_exit(EXIT_FAILURE, "keepalive_create() failed");
+
+The function that issues the pings hbeat_dispatch_pings() is configured to run
+every check_period milliseconds.
+
+.. code:: c
+
+ if (rte_timer_reset(&hb_timer,
+ (check_period * rte_get_timer_hz()) / 1000,
+ PERIODICAL,
+ rte_lcore_id(),
+ &hbeat_dispatch_pings, rte_global_keepalive_info
+ ) != 0 )
+ rte_exit(EXIT_FAILURE, "Keepalive setup failure.\n");
+
+The rest of the initialization and run-time path follows the same paths as the
+the L2 forwarding application. The only addition to the main processing loop is
+the mark alive functionality and the example random failures.
+
+.. code:: c
+
+ rte_keepalive_mark_alive(&rte_global_hbeat_info);
+ cur_tsc = rte_rdtsc();
+
+ /* Die randomly within 7 secs for demo purposes.. */
+ if (cur_tsc - tsc_initial > tsc_lifetime)
+ break;
+
+The rte_keepalive_mark_alive() function simply sets the core state to alive.
+
+.. code:: c
+
+ static inline void
+ rte_keepalive_mark_alive(struct rte_heartbeat *keepcfg)
+ {
+ keepcfg->state_flags[rte_lcore_id()] = 1;
+ }
+
+Keep Alive Monitor Agent Core Monitoring Options
+The application can run on either a host or a guest. As such there are a number
+of options for monitoring the Keep Alive Monitor Agent Core through a Local
+Agent on the compute node:
+
+ ====================== ========== =============
+ Application Location DPDK KA LOCAL AGENT
+ ====================== ========== =============
+ HOST X HOST/GUEST
+ GUEST X HOST/GUEST
+ ====================== ========== =============
+
+
+For the first implementation of a Local Agent SFQM will enable:
+
+ ====================== ========== =============
+ Application Location DPDK KA LOCAL AGENT
+ ====================== ========== =============
+ HOST X HOST
+ ====================== ========== =============
+
+Through extending the dpdkstat plugin for collectd with KA functionality, and
+integrating the extended plugin with Monasca for high performing, resilient,
+and scalable fault detection.
+
+.. _L2 Forwarding Sample Application (in Real and Virtualized Environments): http://dpdk.org/doc/guides/sample_app_ug/l2_forward_real_virtual.html